I am asking a lot of you with this article, I understand. Hopefully, you will stay with me to the end. There is a lot of ground to cover, and lots of history about which you may have some knowledge. This article takes us through the development of Laws and Governments finally arriving at what is happening in the world RIGHT NOW! I believe this is a very important topic and needs to be addressed. People need to understand what is happening to them. This is no joke. It is not an easy topic. People don’t want to think about it. Most of the world is caught up in a deception that will be their demise.
So, we begin… LAW…
WOW, here lately the LAW is all we talk about. Whether its the “Golden Boys” Trump and Johnson with everyone screaming they are “not above the Law!”. Or its Amber Guyger, who clearly killed an innocent man in his own home without cause, but it’s excusable because she thought she was at her own apartment. Or, its the police department covering for their own when they clearly overstep their boundaries and commit crimes against the public. Or, its the Climate Change Movement wanting to outlaw meat and raising livestock, confiscate your guns, tax the sunshine and own the rainwater. Or, its drug companies, releasing pharmaceuticals on the public that are known to cause injury or even death. I could go on and on…
Even our entertainment today is centered so much around LAW enforcement and criminal cases. Whether that is NCIS, or Hawaii 50, or Law & Order, Blue Bloods, Cops, etc… Or, 60 Minutes, Dateline, 48 hours, etc. or America’s Most Wanted, Judge Judy, Dr. G Medical Examiner, Body of Proof, etc… If you start pulling some searches you will find COUNTLESS programs on related topics. One can barely find a show that is not about something related to LAW.
The fixation seems to be with LAW and ORDER. I believe the driving force behind all this “PROGRAMMING” is the New World Order working hard to CHANGE LAWS in a major way. THEY have a deadline and THEY do not want to have to move that deadline forward again. THIS IS IT! The Ball is about to DROP! THEY are changing TIMES and LAWS, whether we like it or not! I hope you are ready.
Let’s conduct a study, do some research, learn some things about LAW. I hope you find this informative, helpful, and motivating.
The far-reaching power of the authorities. For example, You’ll never get away with leaving work early; the long arm of the law is bound to catch you. This expression began as Kings have long arms (or hands) and was listed as a proverb in 1539. The current version, now often used lightly, was first recorded in 1908.
The Proverb: “Few people, places or things are beyond the reach of those in authority, and it is not easy for an offender to escape capture or punishment: Even if you manage to get across the border, your safety is not guaranteed – kings have long arms you know.” The proverb was first recorded in English in 1539, but the sentiment it expresses dates back to ancient times. Source
1a(1): a binding custom or practice of a community : a rule of conduct or action prescribed (see PRESCRIBEsense 1a) or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority
(2): the whole body of such customs, practices, or rules.The courts exist to uphold, interpret, and apply the law.
b(1): the control brought about by the existence or enforcement of such lawpreserved law and order in the town
(2): the action of laws considered as a means of redressing wrongs also: LITIGATION developed the habit of going to law over the slightest provocation— H. A. Overstreet
(3): the agency of or an agent of established lawWhen he saw that the fighting was escalating, he called in the law.
c: a rule or order that it is advisable or obligatory to observe a law of self-preservation
d: something compatible with or enforceable by established law The decrees were judged not to be law and were therefore rescinded.
c: legal knowledgea man with much history but little law
6a: a statement of an order or relation of phenomena that so far as is known is invariable under the given conditionsa law of thermodynamics Boyle’s law
b: a general relation proved or assumed to hold between mathematical or logical expressions
at law
: under or within the provisions of the lawenforceable at law
Iustitia (“Lady Justice”) is a symbolic personification of the coercive power of a tribunal: a sword representing state authority, scales representing an objective standard, and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial.[1]Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.[2] It has been defined both as “the Science of Justice” and “the Art of Justice”.[3][4] Law is a system that regulates and ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.
A general distinction can be made between (a) civil lawjurisdictions, in which a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws, and (b) common law systems, where judge-made precedent is accepted as binding law. Historically, religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Islamic Sharia law is the world’s most widely used religious law, and is used as the primary legal system in some countries, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia.[5]
The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals and/or organizations.[6]
Laws shape our world and keep our lives flowing in a reasonable and acceptable manner. Laws enforce the commonly accepted rules of conduct of a society. They reflect the morals and ethics of the whole. Throughout the ages various ideas, principles and theories of ethics have developed. I thought we should look at those for a moment.
WHO gets to decide what is right and wrong, good or bad, and who writes the LAW??
In the BEGINNING…there was no doubt who made the heaven and the earth and everything in it. The first humans knew who makes the rules. There was no need for theories. However, as mankind multiplied and time moved along, people became more and more estranged from GOD due to their fallen nature. It did not take long at all for them to forget their Creator and become self-serving. Unfortunately for humans, angels also fell, and due to their superior strength and intelligence, they began to rule over humans as gods and Mighty Men.
Divine command theory (also known as theological voluntarism)[1][2] is a meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action’s status as morallygood is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. The theory asserts that what is moral is determined by what God commands, and that for a person to be moral is to follow his commands. Followers of both monotheistic and polytheistic religions in ancient and modern times have often accepted the importance of God’s commands in establishing morality.
Various forms of divine command theory have been presented by philosophers including William of Ockham, St Augustine, Duns Scotus, and John Calvin. The theory generally teaches that moral truth does not exist independently of God and that morality is determined by divine commands. Stronger versions of the theory assert that God’s command is the only reason that a good action is moral, while weaker variations cast divine command as a vital component within a greater reason.[3] The theory asserts that good actions are morally good as a result of their being commanded by God, and many religious believers subscribe to some form of divine command theory.[4] Because of these premises, adherents believe that moral obligation is obedience to God’s commands; what is morally right is what God desires.[5]
Divine command theory features in the ethics of many modern religions, including Judaism, Islam, the Bahá’í Faith, and Christianity, as well as being a part of numerous older polytheistic religions.[6]In ancient Athens, it was commonly held that moral truth was tied directly to divine commands, and religious piety was almost equivalent to morality.[7] Although Christianity does not entail divine command theory, it is commonly associated with it. It can be a plausible theory to Christians because the traditional conception of God as the creator of the universe supports the idea that he created moral truths. The theory is supported by the Christian view that God is all-powerful because this implies that God creates moral truths, rather than moral truths existing independently of him, which seems inconsistent with his omnipotence.[3]
Pluralism
Austin considers the view that, in a world of religious pluralism, it is impossible to know which god’s or religion’s commands should be followed, especially because some religions contradict others, leaving it impossible to accept all of them.Within religions there are also various interpretations of what is commanded. Austin notes that some of the responses to the autonomy objection may be relevant, as an agent must choose whichever religion and morality they judge to be correct.He argues that divine command theory is also consistent with the view that moral truths can be found in all religions and that moral revelation can be found apart from religion.[38] Heimir Geirsson and Margaret Holmgren argue against the view that different religions can lead to the same God because some religions are incompatible with each other (monotheistic and polytheistic religions have contrasting views of divinity, for example, and some Greek or Norse gods magnified human weaknesses). They argue that determining which god should be listened to remains a problem and that, even within a religion, contrasting views of God exist – the commands of God in the Old and New Testaments could seem to contradict each other.[39]
The Euthyphro dilemma was proposed in Plato’s dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. In the scene, Socrates and Euthyphro are discussing the nature of piety when Socrates presents the dilemma, which can be presented as the question ‘Is X good because God commands it, or does God command X because it is good?— Plato, Euthyphro‘[33]
The term deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. The theory of deontology states we are morally obligated to act in accordance with a certain set of principles and rules regardless of outcome.In religious deontology, the principles derive from divine commandment so that under religious laws, we are morally obligated not to steal, lie, or cheat. Thus, deontological theories and duties have existed for many centuries. Immanuel Kant, the theory’s celebrated proponent, formulated the most influential form of a secular deontological moral theory in 1788. Unlike religious deontological theories, the rules (ormaxims) in Kant’s deontological theory derive from human reason.
One thing that clearly distinguishes Kantian deontologism from divine command deontology is that Kantianism maintains that man, as a rational being, makes the moral law universal, whereas divine command maintains that God makes the moral law universal.
Kant is responsible for the most prominent and well-known form of deontological ethics. Kant’s moral theory is based on his view of the human being as having the unique capacity forrationality. No other animal possesses such a propensity for reasoned thought and action, and it is exactly this ability that requires human beings to act in accordance with and for the sake of moral law or duty.Kant believes human inclinations, emotions and consequences should play no role in moral action; therefore, the motivation behind an action must be based on obligation and well thought out before the action takes place. Morality should, in theory, provide people with a framework of rational rules that guide and prevent certainactions and are independent of personal intentions and desires.
The gods of Sumer were human in form and maintained human traits. They ate, drank, married, and fought amongst each other. Even though the gods were immortal and all-powerful, it was apparent that they could be hurt and even killed.
Each god adhered to a set of rules of divine authority known as me. The me ensured that each god was able to keep the cosmos functioning according to the plans handed down to them by Enlil.
Hundreds of deities were recognized in the Sumerian pantheon. Many were wives, children, and servants of the more powerful deities. The gods were organized into a caste system. At the head of the system was the king or supreme ruler. The four most important deities were An, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag. These were the four creator deities who created all of the other gods. An was initially the head of the pantheon, though he was eventually seceded by Enlil. Enlil is seen as the most important god. He is known as “the king of heaven and earth,” “the father of the gods,” and “the king of all the gods.” Enlil developed the broad designs for the universe. However, it was Enki who further developed and carried out his plans. Ninhursag was regarded as the mother of all living beings.
Under the four creator deities were the seven gods who “decree the fates.” These were An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. These were followed by the 50 “great gods” or Annunaki, the children of An.
Mankind’s Role
Sumerians believed that their role in the universe was to serve the gods.To this end the ancient Sumerians devoted much of their time to ensuring their favor with the gods with worship, prayer, and sacrifice. The high gods, however, were believed to have more important things to do than to attend to the common man’s every day prayers, and so personal gods were devised as intermediaries between man and the high gods. The personal gods listened to the prayers and relayed them to the high gods.
The temple was the center of worship. Each city usually had a large temple dedicated to their patron god, and might also have small shrines dedicated to other gods. Daily sacrifices were made consisting of animals and foods, such as wine, beer, milk, and meats. Additionally special occasions called for spectacular festivities that would sometimes last for days. Special feasts took place on the day of the new moon, on the 7th, 15th, and last day of the month. However, the most important day by far was the New Year.
The head of the temple was called the sanga. The sanga was responsible for ensuring the temple’s finances, buildings, and day-to-day activities were all in good order. The en was the spiritual leader of the temple. The en could be a man or woman depending upon the deity. Under the en were various priest classes, such as the guda, mah, gala, nindingir, and ishib. The roles of all of these classes is not known, though the ishib was in charge of libations, and the gala was a poet or singer.
The city’s main temple was usually dedicated to their patron deity. Patron deities often assumed the powers of other deities, which tended to result in confusion and contradiction in the literature of ancient Sumer. For example, ancient legends would often change to reflect the new-found popularity of a particular god. If Marduk rose to prominence, then certain legends would alter to reflect such.
Religion
The religion of the ancient Sumerians has left its mark on the entire middle east. Not only are its temples and ziggurats scattered about the region, but the literature, cosmogony and rituals influenced their neighbors to such an extent that we can see echoes of Sumer in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition today. From these ancient temples, and to a greater extent, through cuneiform writings of hymns, myths, lamentations, and incantations, archaeologists and mythographers afford the modern reader a glimpse into the religious world of the Sumerians.
Each city housed a temple that was the seat of a major god in the Sumerian pantheon, as the gods controlled the powerful forces which often dictated a human’s fate. The city leaders had a duty to please the town’s patron deity, not only for the good will of that god or goddess, but also for the good will of the other deities in the council of gods. The priesthood initially held this role, and even after secular kings ascended to power, the clergy still held great authority through the interpretation of omens and dreams. Many of the secular kings claimed divine right; Sargon of Agade, for example claimed to have been chosen by
The rectangular central shrine of the temple, known as a ‘cella,’ had a brick altar or offering table in front of a statue of the temple’s deity. The cella was lined on its long ends by many rooms for priests and priestesses. These mud-brick buildings were decorated with cone geometrical mosaics, and the occasional fresco with human and animal figures. These temple complexes eventually evolved into towering ziggurats.
The temple was staffed by priests, priestesses, musicians, singers, castrates and hierodules. Various public rituals, food sacrifices, and libations took place there on a daily basis. There were monthly feasts and annual, New Year celebrations. During the later, the king would be married to Inanna as the resurrected fertility god Dumuzi, whose exploits are dealt with below.
When it came to more private matters, a Sumerian remained devout. Although the gods preferred justice and mercy, they had also created evil and misfortune. A Sumerian had little that he could do about it. Judging from Lamentation records, the best one could do in times of duress would be to “plead, lament and wail, tearfully confessing his sins and failings.” Their family god or city god might intervene on their behalf, but that would not necessarily happen. After all, man was created as a broken, labor saving, tool for the use of the gods and at the end of everyone’s life, lay the underworld, a generally dreary place.
by Contributing Writer
According to dictionary definitions, ethics and morals are closely related. While morals deal with distinguishing between right and wrong,ethics are the rules of conduct recognized by a particular group, often based on socially influenced moral ideals. For Christians, ethics and morals are based on God’s character and law, yet are distinct terms with different actions and biblical examples pertaining to each. | Morals
Morality is usually defined as principles (normally internal) which guide differentiation between right and wrong. Many Christians, however, define moral actions as either sinful action or God-honoring action. Christians believe that morality is set by God and modeled by his son, Jesus. According to the Christian perspective, morality shouldn’t differ from person to person.For Christians, morals and ethics should be absolute standards set by God. For some Christians, not only murder, theft, and adultery, but coveting, idolatry, homosexuality and other actions or lifestyles are considered immoral because of absolute proscriptions set by the Bible.
Biblical Examples of Morals
Although the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20 are seen by the Abrahamic religions to be a concrete example of morals, some Christians believe that not every commandment still applies to modern Christians. Many suggest a better standard for morality would be the ministry of Jesus himself. From a Christian perspective, Jesus lived a sinless and moral life. Christians believe that they should adhere to the model of Jesus’ actions towards the poor,
treatment of outcasts, resistance of temptation, and other actions as the standard for Christians morality. Some verses dealing with Christian morality include Romans 12:2, and Mark 7:20-22.
Ethics
Ethics runs deeper than the internal compass and describes a social system or societal structure of moral codes that govern virtuous action. From a secular perspective, ethics change from group to group and society to society.From a Christian perspective, however, ethics should be concrete and governed by God. Christian ethics does not change from society to society, as secular moral codes may, since Christians are a single group adhering to the ethical code of the Bible, rather than sects adhering to differing laws and customs.
Biblical Examples of Ethics
Although the Bible contains numerous passages dealing with Christian ethics, a few stand out as general ethical principles for Christians to live by. In Mark 12:31, Christians are commanded to love their neighbor as they love themselves, an ethical standard or social code that governs all areas of life. Although the passage does not deal with right and wrong, as morality does, loving others as an abstract principle sets a societal standard for Christians.
Likewise, the “golden rule”in Luke 6:31, Colossians 3:23 which calls Christians to do all work for the Lord, and many other verses deal with Christian ethical standards.
Moral and Ethical Christians
Christians believe that people have fallen into sin, and that people are therefore born with a tendency to sin rather than do good. By nature, Christians believe no man is moral or ethical, rather that we live in a constant struggle to become “moral” while attempting to live our lives in a manner that aligns with Christian ethics. (I would like to add here that without the Power of the Holy Spirit, even Christians are not capable of resisting evil. That is why Jesus came, to provide the Power of the Holy Spirit, to empower us to live righteously.)
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OK, as I stated earlier, the world had gotten so far removed from their relationship with GOD, that he had to give them time, instruction, and practice in order for them to develop an understanding of WHO HE IS, what He wants to provide for them and what He expects in return. Enter…MOSES…
Moses and the Ten Commandments by James Jacques Joseph Tissot of Nantes France (1836-1902)
God gave Moses the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai to serve as principles of moral behavior for the human race. The Ten Commandments of God are the foundation of the moral code and legal system of justice for Western Christian civilization.
The architecture of the U. S. Supreme Court building reflects this biblical foundation. At the center of the sculpture over the east portico of the Supreme Court Building, there is the image of Moses holding the two tablets of the Ten Commandments; these are also engraved over the chair of the Chief Justice and on the bronze doors of the Supreme Court.
God first refers to his Commandments in Genesis 26:5, the first of five Books of the Law of Moses, also known as the Torah, the Law, or Pentateuch. The Ten Commandments of God are called the Decalogue and are recorded in both the Books of Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21. God gave Moses the Ten Commandments on two tablets of stone on Mount Sinai in Exodus 24:12 to confirm the moral precepts of the Sinai Covenant between God and his people the Israelites. Moses recounted the Ten Commandments of God to the Israelites in the Book of Deuteronomy.
This page first presents the Ten Commandments in the English translation of the Hebrew text of Exodus 20:1-17. A difference between the Hebrew text and the Greek Septuagint Old Testament is noted in Exodus 20:17. Exodus 20:17 in Hebrew reads “thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife,” whereas Exodus 20:17 in Greek places “thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s wife” first. Of interest, the Hebrew and Greek translation of Deuteronomy 5:21 also places “thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife” first.
There are twelve phrases in red. In order to provide instruction to the faithful, major religions adopted different phrases of the first paragraph, accounting for the variation in numbering of the Ten Commandments for Judaism, Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants.
A Comparative Table follows. The first column lists the Ten Commandments in Judaism,The second column records the Ten Commandments in the order given by the Biblical scholar Origen of Alexandria circa 220 AD. The third column presents the Ten Commandments given by Augustine of Hippo circa 400 AD, who reasoned that “graven images” were an equivalent of “other gods” and considered Exodus 20:4 as part of the First Commandment; he then followed the order of Exodus 20:17 in the Greek Septuagint and Deuteronomy 5:21 for the Ninth and Tenth Commandments. While there is considerable variation, Eastern Christians, Orthodox, and the majority of Protestants follow the order given by Origen, whereas Catholics and Lutherans follow the order given by St. Augustine.
We know God gave Ten Commandments, because the Bible tells us so in Exodus 34:28, Deuteronomy 10:4, and the following passage:
“He proclaimed to you his covenant, which he commanded you to keep:
the Ten Commandments, which he wrote on two tablets of stone.”
Deuteronomy 4:13
At the center of the sculpture over the east portico of the Supreme Court Building, there is the image of Moses holding the two tablets of the Ten Commandments
Ten Commandments ornately carved on the inner oak doors of the United States Supreme Court Building (Franz Jantzen, Supreme Court Curator)
As you sit inside the courtroom, you can see a display of the Ten Commandments right above where the Supreme Court justices sit.
As you enter the Supreme Court Courtroom, the huge oak doors have the Ten Commandments engraved in the lower portion of each door.
2 I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3 Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: 5 Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; 6 And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
7 Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
8 Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: 10 But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: 11 For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
12 Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
13 Thou shalt not kill.
14 Thou shalt not commit adultery.
15 Thou shalt not steal.
16 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
17 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour’s. Exodus 20:1-17
21 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s (goods) house or fields, nor his male or female slaves, nor his ox or ass, or anything that belongs to him. Deuteronomy 5:21
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF GOD
JUDAISM
ORIGEN of Alexandria
AUGUSTINE
I am the Lord your God.
I am the Lord thy God and thou
shalt not have other gods before me.
I am the Lord thy God and thou
shalt not have strange gods
before me.
Thou shalt have no other gods
before me.
Thou shalt not make for thyself any graven image.
Thou shalt not take the name
of the Lord thy God in vain.
Thou shalt not take the name of
the Lord thy God in vain.
Thou shalt not take the name of the
Lord thy God in vain.
Remember to keep holy the
Lord’s Day.
Remember the Sabbath Day to
keep it holy.
Remember the Lord’s Day to keep it holy.
Honor thy Father and Mother.
Honor thy Father and Mother.
Honor thy Father and Mother.
Thou shalt not kill.
Thou shalt not murder.
Thou shalt not kill.
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Thou shalt not steal.
Thou shalt not steal.
Thou shalt not steal.
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
Thou shalt not bear false
witness against thy neighbor.
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
Thou shalt not covet thy
neighbor’s wife.
Thou shalt not covet.
Thou shalt not covet. _________________________
Thou shalt not covet thy
neighbor’s goods._________________
It is interesting that the writer does not even mention that none of the above versions are true to the Words recorded in scripture. This is not wise, as GOD has a consequence for anyone who changes one dot or tittle of the Word as EVERY bit of Scripture is IMPORTANT. God does not waste time, energy or words!
I find it particularly interesting that the writer of that article does not mention that the word SABBATH was replace with “The Lord’s Day” or that the phrase “No Other Gods before me” was watered down to “not have other gods” or “strange gods”. Also, only the Origins one mention that God Commanded us Not to “make for yourselves ANY GRAVEN IMAGE” So, I am mentioning those here to draw you attention to these very IMPORTANT Commands!
God continued to Speak with Moses and to the people…
As recorded in Exodus 20King James Version
18 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off.
19 And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die.
20 And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin not.
21 And the people stood afar off, and Moses drew near unto the thick darkness where God was.
22 And the Lord said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel, Ye have seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
23 Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold.
24 An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me, and shalt sacrifice thereon thy burnt offerings, and thy peace offerings, thy sheep, and thine oxen: in all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee.
25 And if thou wilt make me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stone: for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast polluted it.
26 Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy nakedness be not discovered thereon.
As the Hebrews began to walk as God’s people, they continue to fall into sin and problems arose. Moses was not able to handle all the issues brought to him, so God directed him on how to handle that problem. He commanded him to establish JUDGES, to make determinations regarding guilt and innocence, right and wrong and to administer the LAWs of God.
29 These are the words of the covenant, which the Lord commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.
2 And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the Lord did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land;
3 The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles:
4 Yet the Lord hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.
5 And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot.
6 Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the Lord your God.
7 And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them:
8 And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.
9 Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do.
10 Ye stand this day all of you before the Lord your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,
11 Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water:
12 That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the Lord thy God, and into his oath, which the Lord thy God maketh with thee this day:
13 That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.
14 Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;
15 But with him that standeth here with us this day before the Lord our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:
16 (For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by;
17 And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:)
18 Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the Lord our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;
19 And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst:
20 The Lord will not spare him, but then the anger of the Lord and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the Lord shall blot out his name from under heaven.
21 And the Lord shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law:
22 So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the Lord hath laid upon it;
23 And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the Lord overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath:
24 Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the Lord done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?
25 Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the Lord God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt:
26 For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them:
27 And the anger of the Lord was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:
28 And the Lord rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day.
29 The secret things belong unto the Lord our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.
The Blessings that GOD Promised to Pour Out on those who OBEY his Laws.
Deuteronomy 28King James Version
28 And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:
2 And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God.
3 Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field.
4 Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.
5 Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.
6 Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out.
7 The Lord shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.
8 The Lord shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee.
9 The Lord shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the Lord thy God, and walk in his ways.
10 And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the Lord; and they shall be afraid of thee.
11 And the Lord shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the Lord sware unto thy fathers to give thee.
12 The Lord shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.
13 And the Lord shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the Lord thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them:
14 And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.
order in the home, church, workplace, and government
Recognizing and obeying the one in charge brings security and order to a group. Each person looks to the leader for direction and accountability, and he or she provides guidance for working through questions or problems that arise. The one in charge is ultimately responsible for the activities and productivity of the group.
In the Bible, God outlines authority structures that provide direction for the family, church, workplace, and government. “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God” (Romans 13:1).
God Is the Source of All Authority
By virtue of Who He is as creator of all things, God is the sovereign ruler of the universe. He has all power and all authority, and He entrusts roles of leadership to individuals in the family, the church, the workplace, and the government.
The orderliness we find in structures of authority reflects the order of God’s own nature. God is a Trinity: the Father, the Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. The Father sent the Son into the world as Savior and Redeemer. (See I John 4:9.) Jesus was obedient to God the Father. (See John 5:19.) When Jesus returned to heaven, He and the Father sent the Holy Spirit to comfort Jesus’ disciples, lead them in all truth, remind them of the words of Jesus, and empower them to carry out Jesus’ commission to spread the Gospel. (See John 14:26, 15:26, and Acts 1:8.)
Each member of the Trinity works within the structure of authority and fulfills a specific role, perfectly complementing the others and demonstrating God’s glory. The members are not independent of one another, but God the Father is recognized as the authority Who directs and empowers the Son and Holy Spirit to carry out His will.
Four Biblical Authority Structures
God ordained human authority in four areas and established a specific chain of command in each area. This structure does not express superiority or inferiority. Just as each member of the Trinity is essential to express the fullness of God, so within social structures each role in the chain of authority is necessary for the success of the relationship.
Family: Husband—Wife—Children
God entrusts husbands with the leadership of the family unit. A husband is to love his wife as he loves himself. A wife is to submit to the leadership of her husband, coming alongside him as a helpmate. Parents are responsible to train their children, and children are to honor and obey their parents. (See Ephesians 5:21–6:4 and Proverbs 6:20–21.)
Government: National leaders—Local officials—Citizens
In Scripture we are instructed to respect and obey government authorities and ordinances and to live honorably within our communities. National leaders and local officials are to punish evildoers and honor those who do well. (See I Peter 2:13–17 and Romans 13:1–5.)
Church: Church leaders—Church members
Within the church, the leadership of pastors, elders, and teachers is essential for the health of the Body of Christ. Believers are to honor and respect leaders and to submit to one another and walk in humility. (See Ephesians 4:11–16, Hebrews 13:17, and I Peter 5:1–11.)
Business: Employers—Employees
Employers are challenged to act with equity and care as they oversee employees, patterning their behavior after God Himself, Who is their authority. Employees are responsible to serve well, doing their work wholeheartedly as unto the Lord. (See Colossians 3:22–4:1 and I Peter 2:18.)
Everyone Is Accountable to God
Each person is accountable to God for his actions, whether he is in authority over others or in a position under authority. God is not prejudiced by culture, education, position, or wealth, and He will judge each person according to His righteous standards.
Human authorities are accountable for how they exercise their authority. They are responsible to provide protection and direction for those under their care, to punish those who do wrong, and to praise those who do well.
Those under authority are accountable to God for their responses to authority. Since God placed authorities over us, to obey them is to submit to God’s design and authority in our lives.
If an authority asks us to do something that is wrong, we need to appeal to him and explain why we cannot violate God’s laws. “Whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men; knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ” (Colossians 3:23–24).
“. . . Yea, all of you be subject one to another, and be clothed with humility: for God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble. Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time: casting all your care upon him; for he careth for you” (I Peter 5:5–7).
Accountability is a foundational premise on which all relationships are built. As children of God, children of earthly parents, parents of our own children, employees, employers, and citizens of communities, each of us must wisely carry out his responsibilities both as an instrument of authority and as one who is submitted to authority. Thus, God’s design can be implemented in our relationship with Him, our families, our communities, and our nations.
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God’s mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase “by the Grace of God“, attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.
So, those who followed the GOD of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob knew that GOD had the RIGHT TO MAKE THE LAWS. Those in the Ancient World who did not have knowledge of GOD the Creator fell prey to the Fallen Angels who declared themselves gods and claimed the Divine Right of Kings. These Fallen Angels mated with women and created offspring. That is where we get the Royal Bloodlines. They are not descendants of King David and most assuredly not of Jesus Christ!
When GOD cutoff the Fallen Angels from accessing the Earth as they had been, their offspring became the Mighty Men of Renown. They were half human/half fallen angel. Their bloodline became the elite who ruled as kings and queens and who still rule the Earth today.
So besides the fallen nature of humans which causes humans to fall into sin/evil, there are offspring of the Fallen Angels among us. This is why there is EVIL in the world. NOT ALL people have the capacity to do what is right. They have a natural propensity to do EVIL. Thus the serious need for laws, judges, and police. That is also the reason that God, in the Old Testament, commanded that some people be put to death. Sometimes whole nations. Because those people were not capable of doing what is right and will ALWAYS be a threat and a menace to society. Unfortunately, those people are still among us and in fact they currently rule the world!
Just a word here about those who are “returning to their Pagan Roots”. They have no idea what they are getting themselves into. The Fallen are back. Until know they have only been able to interact with humans in a very controlled manner, and only by permission. The world is about to experience the TYRANNY and TERROR the ancient peoples experienced at the hands of these EVIL ENTITIES!
God’s grace is currently available to any human who desires to come under his authority. That Grace is not going to be available much longer. There is a time coming very soon when the time of GRACE is over, and judgement will be the rule of the day. If you do not know GOD the Creator, I pray that you call on Him now.
Kingship (rule by a single, male monarch) was the nearly exclusive form of government in the ancient Near East. Female monarchs, such as Hatshepsut in Egypt and Athaliah in Judah (2Kgs 11:1-3), were by far the exception, as illustrated by Hatshepsut: she adopted the costume of Egyptian kings, including the false beard and bare chest.
Monarchy in the ancient Near East was by definition hereditary and dynastic. We see such expectations and traditions in the Hebrew Bible, especially in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles. A king was expected to be succeeded by his oldest son, that son by his oldest son, and so on. If a king was sonless, the closest male relative would succeed him, continuing the dynasty. Usurpation—succession by someone who as not an heir—was relatively common and was not peaceful. It typically entailed a violent overthrow by a military rival of the king or dynasty or both and slaughter of supporters and family members of the former king or dynasty.
The domains of ancient Near Eastern kings varied in size. Some ruled over city-states; others claimed vast empires. There was, therefore, a hierarchy among kings. Conquering kings subjugated those monarchs whom they conquered. Conquered kings could still be “kings,” but they had obligations to the conqueror: usually annual payment of tribute, specified in quantities of gold, silver, and goods. Kings who were equals also drafted treaties between themselves agreeing to mutual recognition and the avoidance of hostilities.
Monarchs were considered to be the owners of the lands in their realms with final authority over their subjects and subject property. At the same time, they had certain responsibilities. Above all, they were expected to ensure order in their kingdoms and justice for all subject citizens. (The famous Code of Hammurabi is a good example.) Kings were also understood to be the defenders of their domains and hence the leaders of their armies.
Kings had a special relationship with the national gods. In Egypt, the monarch, or pharaoh (meaning “great house”), was even considered divine. An important part of the monarch’s task of maintaining order was the appeasement of the gods. Kings were also expected to build and maintain temples to the gods, and they had a special role in the worship of the head god. In fact, the understanding of the gods and language referring to them was drawn from the political system of kingship and is reflected in biblical references to God as king. In the ancient Near East, this meant that the national god (Israel’s was Yahweh) was considered the king of the gods. Other, lesser deities served as members of his court or counsel, just as the human king had a group of advisors or a cabinet.
Trappings of kingship included the royal residence or palace, crown, throne, scepter, and (in Egypt) the flail. These things together with statuary, reliefs, inscriptions, and other documents (including biblical texts) were useful propaganda, exalting the king’s accomplishments and illustrating his election and favor by the gods—particularly important if he was a usurper.
8 When Samuel grew old, he appointed his sons as Israel’s leaders.[a]2 The name of his firstborn was Joel and the name of his second was Abijah, and they served at Beersheba.3 But his sons did not follow his ways. They turned aside after dishonest gain and accepted bribes and perverted justice.
4 So all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah.5 They said to him, “You are old, and your sons do not follow your ways; now appoint a king to lead[b] us, such as all the other nations have.”
6 But when they said, “Give us a king to lead us,” this displeased Samuel; so he prayed to the Lord.7 And the Lord told him: “Listen to all that the people are saying to you; it is not you they have rejected, but they have rejected me as their king.8 As they have done from the day I brought them up out of Egypt until this day, forsaking me and serving other gods, so they are doing to you.9 Now listen to them; but warn them solemnly and let them know what the king who will reign over them will claim as his rights.”
10 Samuel told all the words of the Lord to the people who were asking him for a king.11 He said, “This is what the king who will reign over you will claim as his rights: He will take your sons and make them serve with his chariots and horses, and they will run in front of his chariots.12 Some he will assign to be commanders of thousands and commanders of fifties, and others to plow his ground and reap his harvest, and still others to make weapons of war and equipment for his chariots.13 He will take your daughters to be perfumers and cooks and bakers.14 He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive groves and give them to his attendants.15 He will take a tenth of your grain and of your vintage and give it to his officials and attendants.16 Your male and female servants and the best of your cattle[c] and donkeys he will take for his own use.17 He will take a tenth of your flocks, and you yourselves will become his slaves.18 When that day comes, you will cry out for relief from the king you have chosen, but the Lord will not answer you in that day.”
19 But the people refused to listen to Samuel. “No!” they said. “We want a king over us.20 Then we will be like all the other nations, with a king to lead us and to go out before us and fight our battles.”
21 When Samuel heard all that the people said, he repeated it before the Lord.22 The Lord answered, “Listen to them and give them a king.”
Then Samuel said to the Israelites, “Everyone go back to your own town.”
The generations continued to become more and more separated from God. Those who had not yet known him were suffering terribly under the Tyranny of their gods and Kings and even the people of GOD were being manipulated by the evil that had crept into their leadership. Humans began to develop their own Laws and systems of keeping the peace.
There were two classes of rabbinical courts called Sanhedrin, the Great Sanhedrin and the Lesser Sanhedrin. A lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges was appointed to each city, but there was to be only one Great Sanhedrin of 71 judges, which among other roles acted as the Supreme Court, taking appeals from cases decided by lesser courts. In general usage, “The Sanhedrin” without qualifier normally refers to the Great Sanhedrin, which was composed of the Nasi, who functioned as head or representing president, and was a member of the court; the Av Beit Din or chief of the court, who was second to the nasi; and sixty-nine general members (Mufla).
After the destruction of the Second Temple and the failure of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, the Great Sanhedrin moved to Galilee, which became part of the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In this period the Sanhedrin was sometimes referred as the Galilean Patriarchate or Patriarchate of Palaestina, being the governing legal body of Galilean Jewry. In the late 200s CE, to avoid persecution, the name “Sanhedrin” was dropped and its decisions were issued under the name of Beit HaMidrash (house of learning). The last universally binding decision of the Great Sanhedrin appeared in 358 CE, when the Hebrew Calendar was abandoned. The Great Sanhedrin was finally disbanded in 425 CE after continued persecution by the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Talmud tractate Sanhedrin identifies two classes of rabbinical courts called Sanhedrin, a Great Sanhedrin (בית דין הגדול) and a Lesser Sanhedrin (בית דין הקטן). Each city could have its own lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges, but there could be only one Great Sanhedrin of 71, which among other roles acted as the Supreme Court, taking appeals from cases decided by lesser courts. The uneven numbers of judges were predicated on eliminating the possibility of a tie and the last to cast their vote was the head of the court.
Function and procedures
The Sanhedrin as a body claimed powers that lesser Jewish courts did not have. As such, they were the only ones who could try the king, extend the boundaries of the Temple and Jerusalem, and were the ones to whom all questions of law were finally put. Before 191 BCE the High Priest acted as the ex officio head of the Sanhedrin,[16] but in 191 BCE, when the Sanhedrin lost confidence in the High Priest, the office of Nasi was created. After the time of Hillel the Elder (late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE), the Nasi was almost invariably a descendant of Hillel. The second highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin was called the Av Beit Din, or “Head of the Court” (literally, Av Beit Din = “father of the house of judgment”), who presided over the Sanhedrin when it sat as a criminal court.[17]
During Second Temple era, the Sanhedrin met in a building known as the Hall of Hewn Stones (Lishkat ha-Gazit), which has been placed by the Talmud and many scholars as built into the north wall of the Temple Mount, half inside the sanctuary and half outside, with doors providing access both to the Temple and to the outside. The name presumably arises to distinguish it from the buildings in the Temple complex used for ritual purposes, which had to be constructed of stones unhewn by any iron implements.
In some cases, it was only necessary for a 23-member panel (functioning as a Lesser Sanhedrin) to convene. In general, the full panel of 71 judges was only convened on matters of national significance (e.g., a declaration of war) or in the event that the 23-member panel could not reach a conclusive verdict.[18]
By the end of the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrin reached its pinnacle of importance, legislating all aspects of Jewish religious and political life within the parameters laid down by Biblical and Rabbinic tradition.
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the 7th century AD – when the RomanÐByzantine state adopted Greek as the language of government. The development of Roman law comprises more than a thousand years of jurisprudence – from the Twelve Tables (c. 439 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Emperor Justinian I. This Roman law, the Justinian Code, was effective in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (331-1453), and also served as a basis for legal practice in continental Europe, as well as in Ethiopia, and most former colonies of European nations, including Latin America.
Historically, “Roman law” also denotes the legal system applied in most of Western Europe, until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained longer, having been the Holy Roman Empire (963-1806); thus the great influence upon the civil law systems in Europe. Moreover, the English and North American Common law also were influenced by Roman law, notably in the Latinate legal glossary – stare decisis, culpa in contrahendo, pacta sunt servanda. In contrast, Eastern Europe, though influenced by the Byzantine Empire, was not much influenced by the jurisprudence of the Corpus Juris Civilis; however, they did accept the Roman influence of the Farmer’s Law.
Roman Legal Development
Before the Twelve Tables (754-449 BC), private law comprised the Roman civil law (ius civile Quiritium) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e.g. the ritual practice of mancipatio (a form of sale). The jurist Sextus Pomponius said, “At the beginning of our city, the people began their first activities without any fixed law, and without any fixed rights: all things were ruled despotically, by kings”. It is believed that Roman Law is rooted in the Etruscan religion, emphasizing ritual.
The Twelve Tables
TABLE I
Procedure: for courts and trials
TABLE II
Trials, continued.
TABLE III
Debt
TABLE IV
Rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over the family
TABLE V
Legal guardianship and inheritance laws
TABLE VI
Acquisition and possession
TABLE VII
Land rights
TABLE VIII
Torts and delicts (Laws of injury)
TABLE IX
Public law
TABLE X
Sacred law
TABLE XI
Supplement I
TABLE XII
Supplement II
Table I. 1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force.
2. If he shirks or runs away, let the summoner lay hands on him.
3. If illness or old age is the hindrance, let the summoner provide a team. He need not provide a covered carriage with a pallet unless he chooses.
4. Let the protector of a landholder be a landholder; for one of the proletariat, let anyone that cares, be protector.
6-9. When the litigants settle their case by compromise, let the magistrate announce it. If they do not compromise, let them state each his own side of the case, in the comitium of the forum before noon. Afterwards let them talk it out together, while both are present. After noon, in case either party has failed to appear, let the magistrate pronounce judgment in favor of the one who is present. If both are present the trial may last until sunset but no later.
Table II.
2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day.
Table III.
1. One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor shall bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment or some one in the presence of the magistrate interferes in his behalf as protector the creditor so shall take him home and fasten him in stocks or fetters. He shall fasten him with not less than fifteen pounds of weight or, if he choose, with more. If the prisoner choose, he may furnish his own food. If he does not, the creditor must give him a pound of meal daily; if he choose he may give him more.
2. On the third market day let them divide his body among them. If they cut more or less than each one’s share it shall be no crime.
3. Against a foreigner the right in property shall be valid forever.
Table IV.
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed.
2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.
3. As a man has provided in his will in regard to his money and the care of his property, so let it be binding. If he has no heir and dies intestate, let the nearest agnate have the inheritance. If there is no agnate, let the members of his gens have the inheritance.
4. If one is mad but has no guardian, the power over him and his money shall belong to his agnates and the members of his gens.
5. A child born after ten months since the father’s death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance.
Table V.
1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority.
Table VI.
1. When one makes a bond and a conveyance of property, as he has made formal declaration so let it be binding.
3. A beam that is built into a house or a vineyard trellis one may not take from its place.
5. Usucapio of movable things requires one year’s possession for its completion; but usucapio of an estate and buildings two years.
6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio of each year.
Table VII.
1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes.
9. Should a tree on a neighbor’s farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man’s farm.
Table VIII.
2. If one has maimed a limb and does not compromise with the injured person, let there be retaliation. If one has broken a bone of a freeman with his hand or with a cudgel, let him pay a penalty of three hundred coins If he has broken the bone of a slave, let him have one hundred and fifty coins. If one is guilty of insult, the penalty shall be twenty-five coins.
3. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain.
4. If a patron shall have devised any deceit against his client, let him be accursed.
5. If one shall permit himself to be summoned as a witness, or has been a weigher, if he does not give his testimony, let him be noted as dishonest and incapable of acting again as witness.
10. Any person who destroys by burning any building or heap of corn deposited alongside a house shall be bound, scourged, and put to death by burning at the stake provided that he has committed the said misdeed with malice aforethought; but if he shall have committed it by accident, that is, by negligence, it is ordained that he repair the damage or, if he be too poor to be competent for such punishment, he shall receive a lighter punishment.
12. If the theft has been done by night, if the owner kills the thief, the thief shall be held to be lawfully killed.
13. It is unlawful for a thief to be killed by day….unless he defends himself with a weapon; even though he has come with a weapon, unless he shall use the weapon and fight back, you shall not kill him. And even if he resists, first call out so that someone may hear and come up.
23. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock.
26. No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.
Table IX.
4. The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision.
5. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment.
6. Putting to death of any man, whosoever he might be unconvicted is forbidden.
Table X.
1. None is to bury or burn a corpse in the city.
3. The women shall not tear their faces nor wail on account of the funeral.
5. If one obtains a crown himself, or if his chattel does so because of his honor and valor, if it is placed on his head, or the head of his parents, it shall be no crime.
Table XI.
1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.
Table XII.
2. If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master”s knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave’s name.
5. Whatever the people had last ordained should be held as binding by law.
The Twelve Tables is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a Code of Law and is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans. In the midst of a perennial struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights between the privileged class (patricians) and the common people (plebeians) a commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (ca. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law which would be binding on both parties and which the magistrates (the 2 consuls) would have to enforce impartially.
The commission produced enough statutes (most of them were already ‘customary law’ anyway) to fill Ten Tablets, but this attempt seems not to have been entirely satisfactory especially to the plebeians. A second commission of ten was therefore appointed (450 B.C.) and two additional tablets were drawn up. The originals, said to have been inscribed on bronze, were probably destroyed when the Gauls sacked and burned Rome in the invasion of 387 B.C.
The Twelve Tables give the student of Roman culture a chance to look into the workings of a society which is still quite agrarian in outlook and operations, and in which the main bonds which hold the society together and allow it to operate are: the clan (genos, gens), patronage (patron/client), and the inherent (and inherited) right of the patricians to leadership (in war, religion, law, and government).
The Law of the Twelve Tablets (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or, informally, Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum (custom of the ancestors). The Twelve Tables must be distinguished from the unrelated – and much older – “twelve shields” of King Numa Pompilius.
The Twelve Tables came about as a result of the long social struggle between patricians and plebeians. After the expulsion of the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Suberbus, the Republic was governed by a hierarchy of magistrates. Initially only patricians were eligible to become magistrates and this, among other plebeian complaints was a source of discontent for plebeians.
In the context of this unequal status, plebeians would take action to secure concessions for themselves using the threat of secession. They would threaten to leave the city with the consequence that it would grind to a halt, as the plebeians were Rome’s labour force. One of the most important concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the Twelve Tables, establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens as against one another.
Patricians long opposed this request, but around 451 BC, the first decemviri (decemvirate – board of “Ten Men”) was appointed to draw up the first ten tables. They allegedly sent an embassy to Greece to study the legislative system of Athens, known as the Solonian Constitution, but also to find out about the legislation of other Greek cities. Modern scholars believe the Roman assembly most likely visited the Greek cities of Southern Italy, and did not travel all the way to Greece. In 450 B.C., the second decemviri started work on the last two tables.
The first decemvirate completed the first ten codes in 450 BC. Here is how Livy describes their creation,
“…every citizen should quietly consider each point, then talk it over with his friends, and, finally, bring forward for public discussion any additions or subtractions which seemed desirable.” (cf. Liv. III 34)
In 449 BC, the second decemvirate completed the last two codes, and after a secessio plebis to force the Senate to consider them, the Law of the Twelve Tables was formally promulgated. The Twelve Tables were drawn up on twelve ivory tablets (Livy says bronze) which were posted in the Roman Forum so all Romans could read and know them. It was not a comprehensive statement of all law, but a sequence of definitions of various private rights and procedures. They generally took for granted such things as the institutions of the family and various rituals for formal transactions.
For such an important document, it is somewhat surprising that the original text has been lost. The original tablets were destroyed when the Gauls under Brennus burnt Rome in 390 BC[citation needed]. There was no other official promulgation of them to survive, only unofficial editions. What we have of them today are brief excerpts and quotations from these laws in other authors. They are written in a strange, archaic, laconic, and somewhat childish and sing-song version of Latin (described as Saturnian verse)[citation needed]. As such, though we cannot tell whether the quoted fragments accurately preserve the original form, what we have gives us some insight into the grammar of early Latin. The belief is that the text was written as such so plebians could more easily memorize the laws, as literacy was not commonplace during early Rome[citation needed].
Like most other early codes of law, they were largely procedural, combining strict and rigorous penalties with equally strict and rigorous procedural forms. In most of the surviving quotations from these texts, the original table that held them is not given. Scholars have guessed at where surviving fragments belong by comparing them with the few known attributions and records, many of which do not include the original lines, but paraphrases. It cannot be known with any certainty from what survives that the originals ever were organized this way, or even if they ever were organized by subject at all.
Roman Law Today
Today, Roman law is no longer applied in legal practice, even though the legal systems of some states like South Africa and San Marino are still based on the old Ius Commune. However, even where the legal practice is based on a code, many rules deriving from Roman law apply: No code completely broke with the Roman tradition. Rather, the provisions of Roman law were fitted into a more coherent system and expressed in the national language. For this reason, knowledge of Roman law is indispensable to understand the legal systems of today. Thus, Roman law is often still a mandatory subject for law students in civil law jurisdictions. As
steps towards a unification of the private law in the member states of the European Union are being taken, the old Ius Commune, which was the common basis of legal practice everywhere, but allowed for many local variants, is seen by many as a model.
(This is part three of a multi-part series that IRD will publish throughout the week of May 6-12. Read part one by clicking here or part two by clicking here.)
The fundamental task of government is to judge between the right and the wrong in a public or international context and then enact judgment. God does this providentially, in part, through governments. God judges, this is the image we see time and again from the Old Testament. God judges Israel and he judges the nations. The early leaders of Israel are judges who enact God’s law through judging. The kings of Israel fulfill their judicial vocation through the faithful obedience and adherence to God’s law.The same could be said of foreign kings as well.
Modern Americans tend to see the form of government as most important, but what we learn from the bible is that God cares little whether a government is a monarchy or democracy or aristocracy. What God cares about is whether a particular ruler fulfills his purpose for which he was given rule by God. We tend to think that the legitimacy of a particular form of government can be measured by its approximation to liberal democratic forms of governance but the bible is completely silent at that point. Christopher Bryant perceptively summarizes the pattern of God’s dealings with rulers in the bible, whether Israelite or some other ruler:
[t]he biblical tradition challenges human power structures not by attempting to dismantle them or replace them with other human power structures but by consistently confronting them with the truth about their origin and purpose. Their origin is that God permits them. Their purpose is to serve God’s glory by promoting God’s peace and God’s justice. For so long as they attempt those things, they may do quite well. As soon as they forget them, they stand condemned, and their days are numbered, not because human wisdom or courage will put an end to them but because God will do so.[1]
The Reformers had a supremely high view of political authorities. Whereas the medieval debates over the papal monarchy placed some restraints on the pretensions of kings and princes, Luther and Calvin, seeking to do away with ecclesial entanglements in politics, emphatically assert the direct divine origins and mandate of political rulers. Commenting on Romans 13, Calvin asserts, “For [Paul] teaches that all power exists by divine ordinance and that there is none which is not established by God. [He goes on to say] that princes are ministers of God to honor those who act rightly and to execute the vengeance of his wrath upon evil-doers.”[2] It is important for Calvin that those engaging in the act of judging and punishing those who violate the laws, that they act primarily in the name of God and not their own name. We might think this would tempt one to see themselves as semi-divine and, thereby, invite tyranny and abuse. But Calvin stresses that those who take up the public vocation of governing see their punishing “in God’s name” as necessary reminder that they are acting only under God’s authority and, secondly, that those who enact such punishments also stand under God’s judgment and should fear lest they abuse their power.[3]
Eventually we have to ask the most basic question: What is politics? We tend to assume politics has to do with all the things that our contemporary Western democracies do, but the expansion of the government to the modern welfare state that we know today is barely a century old. Prior to the 20th century most Americans lived in rural areas and had little direct interaction with the federal or state government. The questions around healthcare, the social safety net, or the regulation of markets, even if we believe they are necessary, would have flabbergasted even the relatively expansive administration in the Roman Empire. The idea that governments are entrusted with the “public good” did not extend to cradle to grave social welfare policies but to a few basic tasks such as defending their subjects from external threats, judging and punishing law breakers, and collecting taxes. Social welfare happened primarily within communities, among families, and the church.[4]
Our modern assumptions, aided by the ever-expanding list of rights that we are entitled to, has obscured the primary activity of government as judging. When the scripture talks about defending the poor from oppression and upholding the cause of justice it is referring to the activity of the king upholding the law of God by using the authority and power of his office to punish the wrong doer and right the wrong that has been done.
The picture that emerges from both scripture and history on the purpose of government in the Latin West is that of making and enforcing law as the means to ensure a just and peaceful society. The laws and not the government itself are what mediates and bears witness to God’s commands. God’s justice is mediated to Israel through the Mosaic Law and the adherence to that law. Thomas Aquinas’s magisterial treatise on law in the Summa provided a comprehensive synthetic account of law that has had immense impact on the Western jurisprudence and government.[5] Eternal law, which is the government of the whole of creation by God, provides the architectonic framework from which other forms of law are derived. Natural law is the participation of the human person in the eternal law that manifests itself in our inclinations to our “proper actions and ends.”[6] Human law, or positive law, is derived from natural law.
The Reformed tradition, and the Lutheran to an extent, recognize three uses of the law in scripture: the pedagogical, the civil, the didactic.[7] The second use is of particular importance. Luther, citing 1 Tim 1:9, writes, “It is because the just man of his own accord does all and more than any law demands. But the unjust do nothing that is right, and therefore they need the law to teach, compel and urge them to act rightly.”[8]
The use of power is essential to the activity of government and not ancillary to it. We must use power, in its various forms, in politics, as an instrument towards the ends that government seeks to bring about. Paul Ramsey’s succinct and eloquent statement bears repeating: “The use of power, and possibly the use of force, is of the esse of politics. By this I mean it belongs to politics very act of being politics. You never have politics without the use of power, possibly armed force. At the same time the use of power, and possibly the use of force, is inseparable from the bene esse of politics…you never have good politics without the use of power, possibly armed force.”[9] Power has an instrumental value of maintaining the ends of order, law, and justice. These ends are not eternal ends, just as politics is not an end in itself but serves higher and lasting goods. Order, law, and justice are secular in orientation, they provide for a context of peace and order where temporal goods that are necessary for life can be preserved and enjoyed. The goods of this age, housing and shelter, clothes, food, safety, and other such things are real and vital goods but serve the greater purposes beyond our enjoyment.
Punishment is the most basic expression of governments function and purpose. St. Paul’s description of “governing authorities” in Romans 13:4 is “the servant of God” who mediates God’s justice as “an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”[10] The visiting of God’s wrath is not merely for the sake of Divine justice but also the means whereby God’s providence sustains and preserves an orderly and peaceful society.
When we consider war we need to extend the basic idea of governments role as the avenger of wrongdoing to the sphere beyond the political community. War is a form of punishment for wrongdoing of a people or state that lay outside the political community. It is a secular activity that is aimed at punishing a wrong and restoring peace and order. It cannot be a means of advancing the kingdom of God in a constructive way. The loss of life and destruction that are the hallmarks of war are tragic. And yet, while tragic, the use of arms, rightly understood, witness to God’s justice and will for peaceful human life to be preserved. War cannot be used as a means of promoting the faith or advancing the mission of the church, as is the case in the Islamic tradition.
Constitutional law refers to rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions. The majority of this body of law has developed from state and federal supreme court rulings, which interpret their respective constitutions and ensure that the laws passed by the legislature do not violate constitutional limits.
Most constitutional legal issues involve the Bill of Rights, which contains the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These amendments contain such rights as the freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to be free from certain types of discrimination.
States also have their own constitutions, which usually contain most, if not all, of the same rights guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution. Many state constitutions also establish additional rights, but they may not take away any federal rights.
Constitutional law also involves the rights and powers of the branches of government. Both the federal and state constitutions outline three branches of government and give distinct powers and responsibilities to each one. Constitutional lawyers also help resolve disputes among the branches.
Terms to Know
Bill of Rights – The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which contain the fundamental rights of the people
Legislative Branch – One of the three branches of government, tasked with making and revising laws; made up of both houses of Congress at the federal level, and the houses of a state legislature at the state level
Executive Branch – One of the three branches of government, tasked with executing and enforcing laws; made up of the president and the president’s cabinet at the federal level, and the governor and the governor’s cabinet at the state level
Judicial Branch – One of the three branches of government, tasked with interpreting laws; made up of the U.S. Supreme Court and the federal district and appellate courts at the federal level, and the state supreme court and lower state courts at the state level
Checks and Balances – The powers of each branch of government to restrain the other two branches to prevent a single branch from exerting too much power
Due Process Clause – A clause in the U.S. Constitution prohibiting the government from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without conducting a fair and just proceeding, such as a hearing where the person at issue is able to testify in his or her own defense
Commerce Clause – A clause in the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the power to pass laws related to interstate commerce or anything that may substantially affect interstate commerce
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprised of 50 states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bounded on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific. The United States is a federal constitutional republic and a liberal democracy, with Washington, D.C. as its capital.
—Excerpted from United States on Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
A constitutional republic is a state where the head of state and other officials are elected as representatives of the people, and must govern according to existing constitutional law that limits the government’s power over citizens. In a constitutional republic, executive, legislative, and judicial powers are separated into distinct branches and the will of the majority of the population is tempered by protections for individual rights so that no individual or group has absolute power. The fact that a constitution exists that limits the government’s power makes the state constitutional. That the head(s) of state and other officials are chosen by election, rather than inheriting their positions, and that their decisions are subject to judicial review makes a state republican; should the judicial review be maximized.
Common law, also called Anglo-American law, the body of customary law, based upon judicial decisions and embodied in reports of decided cases, that has been administered by the common-law courts of England since the Middle Ages. From it has evolved the type of legal system now found also in the United States and in most of the member states of the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations). In this sense common law stands in contrast to the legal system derived from civil law, now widespread in continental Europe and elsewhere. In another, narrower, sense, common law is contrasted to the rules applied in English and American courts of equity and also to statute law. A standing expository difficulty is that, whereas the United Kingdom is a unitary state in international law, it comprises three major (and other minor) legal systems, those of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Historically, the common-law system in England (applied to Wales since 1536) has directly influenced that in Ireland but only partially influenced the distinct legal system in Scotland, which is therefore, except as regards international matters, not covered in this article. The legal systems in the United Kingdom have, since 1973, experienced integration into the system of European Union law, which has direct effects upon the domestic law of its constituent states—the majority of which have domestic systems that have been influenced by the civil-law tradition and that cultivate a more purposive technique of legislative interpretation than has been customary in the English common law. The regime of human rights represented by the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) has exercised a similar influence in the United Kingdom since the passage by Parliament of the Human Rights Act 1998.
The Origin Of The Common Law
The English common law originated in the early Middle Ages in the King’s Court (Curia Regis), a single royal court set up for most of the country at Westminster, near London. Like many other early legal systems, it did not originally consist of substantive rights but rather of procedural remedies. The working out of these remedies has, over time, produced the modern system in which rights are seen as primary over procedure. Until the late 19th century, English common law continued to be developed primarily by judges rather than legislators.
The common law of England was largely created in the period after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Anglo-Saxons, especially after the accession of Alfred the Great (871), had developed a body of rules resembling those being used by the Germanic peoples of northern Europe. Local customs governed most matters, while the church played a large part in government. Crimes were treated as wrongs for which compensation was made to the victim.
The Norman Conquest did not bring an immediate end to Anglo-Saxon law, but a period of colonial rule by the mainly Norman conquerors produced change. Land was allocated thttps://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjtyNOGwPbkAhUND60KHRX6DwUQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingisraelnews.com%2F136435%2Fnations-invited-animal-sacrifice-mount-of-olives-renewing-noahs-covenant%2F&psig=AOvVaw2R3i-Dse2JnOzPsMvZtLgX&ust=1569862554027282o feudal vassals of the king, many of whom had joined the conquest with this reward in mind. Serious wrongs were regarded mainly as public crimes rather than as personal matters, and the perpetrators were punished by death and forfeiture of property. The requirement that, in cases of sudden death, the local community should identify the body as English (“presentment of Englishry”)—and, therefore, of little account—or face heavy fines reveals a state of unrest between the Norman conquerors and their English subjects. Government was centralized, a bureaucracy built up, and written records maintained. Controversy exists regarding the extent to which the efficient government of the Anglo-Norman realm was due to the legacy of Anglo-Saxon institutions or to the ruthlessness of the Norman invaders. Elements of the Anglo-Saxon system that survived were the jury, ordeals (trials by physical test or combat), the practice of outlawry (putting a person beyond the protection of the law), and writs (orders requiring a person to appear before a court; see belowThe development of a centralized judiciary). Important consolidation occurred during the reign of Henry II (1154–89). Royal officials roamed the country, inquiring about the administration of justice. Church and state were separate and had their own law and court systems. This led to centuries of rivalry over jurisdiction, especially since appeals from church courts, before the Reformation, could be taken to Rome.
Maritime law, also called admiralty law, or admiralty, the body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping.In English-speaking countries, “admiralty” is sometimes used synonymously, but in a strict sense the term refers to the jurisdiction and procedural law of courts whose origins may be traced to the office of Admiral. Although etymologically maritime law and “law of the sea” are identical, the former term is generally applied to private shipping law, whereas the latter, usually prefixed by “international,” has come to signify the maritime segment of public international law. The Convention on the Law of the Sea, on the other hand, is a UN agreement regarding territorial waters, sea lanes, and ocean resources. The Convention was originally signed by 119 nations on Dec. 10, 1982.
Historical Development
From the fact that the ancient Egyptians engaged in shipping on a wide scale, it can be inferred that they had at least rudimentary laws regulating that activity, although no trace of any has been found thus far. Nor is there anything known of any maritime laws of the Phoenicians, who succeeded the Egyptians as commercial leaders in the Mediterranean. That Rhodes was a major source of maritime law, however, is clearly indicated in two passages from the Digest (AD 533) of the Roman emperor Justinian. The first quotes the emperor Antoninus (reigned AD 138–161) in a case of plunder following a shipwreck: “I am indeed lord of the world, but the Law is the lord of the sea. This matter must be decided by the maritime law of the Rhodians, provided that no law of ours is opposed to it.” The second is a statement of the basic law of “general average,” which the Digest attributes to the Rhodians. “Average” here means any loss sustained by a vessel or its cargo. When one segment of a maritime venture is sacrificed to save the others, the average is described as general, and the owners of the property saved must help make good the loss. Thus, if cargo is jettisoned in a successful effort to refloat a grounded vessel, the owners of the vessel and of the cargo saved are obliged to bear proportionate shares of the loss sustained by the owner of the cargo singled out for sacrifice.Rome did not become a maritime power until the Punic wars of the 3rd century BC. From the fact that the Romans were allies of the Rhodians and from the references in the Digest, it is logical to assume that Roman maritime law borrowed heavily from that of Rhodes. Acknowledging Rhodes as the birthplace of maritime jurisprudence, the maritime code of the later Eastern Empire, dating from the 7th or 8th century AD, was called the “Rhodian Sea Law.”
Because the Mediterranean, under Roman control, was not only the centre of the Western world but also its principal commercial highway, European maritime law evolved as a uniform, supranational, comprehensive body of law—a characteristic which, though sometimes threatened by the spread of nationalism, has never been lost completely. The barbarian invaders who moved south were not seafarers, and the principal Mediterranean seaports were thus able to maintain their independence. Moreover, the conquered peoples were permitted to keep the Roman law to which they had become accustomed, and in the field of maritime jurisprudence the transition into the Middle Ages was therefore gradual. As certain Italian cities began to outstrip the Eastern Byzantine Empire commercially, they formulated their own maritime laws, some dating as early as 1063. Trani, Amalfi, Venice, and other Italian port cities all offered their own collections of laws. Nevertheless, the next widely accepted body of sea laws was the Consolat de Mar, or “Consulate of the Sea,” originally compiled at Barcelona in the 13th century. More elaborate than the earlier codes, the Consolat was followed in Spain, Provence, and the Italian cities and had a significant effect on the development of modern maritime law.
The earliest code to emerge beyond the Mediterranean was the “Rolls of Oléron,” named for an island in the Bay of Biscay and apparently dating from the 12th century. Whether the Rolls were of French or of Anglo-Norman origin, they became the nucleus of the maritime law not only of England and France but also of Scotland, Flanders, Prussia, and Castile; and they are still occasionally cited as authority, even by U.S. courts. The Rolls were closely followed in the Laws of Wisby, headquarters of the Hanseatic League until 1361.
In continental Europe, loss of uniformity in the maritime law began with the late Renaissance and accelerated with the rise of nationalism in the 17th century, which witnessed adoption of the Maritime Code of Christian XI of Sweden (1667), the Marine Ordinances of Louis XIV of France (1681), and the Code of Christian V of Denmark (1683). Of these, the most significant were the Ordinances, prepared under Louis XIV’s finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, as part of his comprehensive though unfulfilled plan for the codification of all French law. Established customs of the sea, revised to suit the times, were made part of the national law, enforceable in the French Admiralty Court, which was granted maritime jurisdiction to the exclusion of the old consular courts, whose judges had been elected by the mariners themselves.
The individuality of the maritime law—its “separation” from other types of law—was accentuated by the Ordinances, which gathered together in one code all of the criminal, private, procedural, and public laws relating to the sea. Although the French Admiralty Court failed to survive the Revolution that began in 1789, the substantive law embodied in the Ordinances was very closely followed in the Code de Commerce, whose adoption in 1807 meant that the maritime law was thereafter considered simply as a branch of commercial law, with consequent diminution of the weight previously given to custom and usage. Furthermore, abolition of the Admiralty Court resulted in the trial of maritime cases by the commercial courts, on which, in the smaller ports, maritime interests might not be represented. In countries with codes based directly or indirectly on the French commercial code, civil maritime cases, as well as nonmaritime commercial disputes, are heard and decided by commercial courts.
Although the Code de Commerce was widely adopted in the first half of the 19th century, in some cases by choice and in others by conquest, the German Commercial Code of 1861, revised in 1897, marked a departure from French law, and revisions of the Spanish and Italian codes showed the influence of the new German law. These, in turn, had their effect in countries under Italian and Spanish influence.
Although the “Pied Poudre” courts, held primarily for the settlement of disputes at English fairs and markets, also had special jurisdiction of seamen’s cases, it is probable that the first English tribunals to apply maritime law, with the Rolls of Oléron as a basis, were the courts of the Cinque Ports. The High Court of Admiralty, which sat at London, and the Vice Admiralty Courts, set up in the other ports, were a later development. They were named after the admiral, an officer whose duties were at first solely administrative and military but were broadened early in the 14th century to include disciplinary proceedings in such matters as piracy. The Admiralty Court is considered as dating from 1360, when for the first time the admiral was expressly granted jurisdiction in civil maritime cases. By the end of the 16th century the admiralty courts had come to exercise an extremely wide jurisdiction, reaching far beyond saltwater transportation into many areas of commercial law. But during the first half of the 17th century, the judges of the common-law courts succeeded in divesting their competitors in the Admiralty of their commercial jurisdiction and in restricting them to the adjudication of “things done upon the sea.”
The Admiralty was a royal court with valuable emoluments. It functioned without the aid of juries, following procedures borrowed from the Continent that were somewhat less dilatory and cumbersome than those of the common-law courts, and applied the laws and customs of the sea to the maritime controversies that came before it. For these reasons it was preferred by the merchants and favoured by the Crown, which depended to a considerable extent on taxation of the merchants for its revenues. Its jurisdiction therefore waxed and waned with the strength or weakness of the reigning sovereign. Thus, it enjoyed wide jurisdiction under the Tudors, but its powers were severely curtailed under succeeding monarchs and governments, and were never fully restored until the passage of the first of the Admiralty Court Acts in the 19th century.
Although the powers of the English Admiralty are today quite broad, in practice it is rare for cases other than those involving marine collisions and salvage to be brought before it. Controversies respecting charter parties, ocean bills of lading, and marine insurance, for example, are more generally brought before the Commercial Court.
In the United States, the federal district courts are by statute granted original jurisdiction, “exclusive of the courts of the States,” of “Any civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled.” This means, essentially, that if a maritime claimant wishes to have his claim litigated in accordance with admiralty procedure he must invoke the admiralty jurisdiction of the district courts. However, he is free to sue in a state court, unless the defendant is a citizen of another state, in which case the suit may be tried as an ordinary civil action in the district court.
MEANWHILE, back in the Middle East, Israel is back in the limelight. Though as a Nation they have been out of the picture for a long time, and as a people they have been struggling to survive. Suddenly, they are not only back, they are a force to be reckoned with. They have some semblance of their faith, but still, not truly in line with God’s desires. Yet I believe that through all of this God is working to bring them back to Himself. But, it is going to be a bumpy ride for the whole world!!
Everybody believes it is the Pope (Judaism Light / Babylonianism for Christians) That is taking the throne and ‘changing times and laws “( Daniel 7:25 ) all the while it it is the Jews overdoing it, hidden in plain view.
Great revelations by the Holy Spirit we bring two humanity today, of who is’ changing the laws and hour. ” Many believe faulty it is the Pope, but there is more to it than that. A very sinister plan is unfolding as we speak indeed.
The Jews have set themelves up to be the messiahs of the World, the Jewish Babylonian spirit to be the universal spirit, by violence and force, actually by Law as We shall see towards the end of this article, as promised by the Satanist rabbi Karl Marx Mordechai Levy in the letter to Baruch. The anti-Christ (mental) kingdom of the World.
The Roman Catolic judaism light have changed the sunday / sabbath law, so everybody believes They are the ones MENTIONED IN Daniel 7:25 , but the Jews have changed ALL other Laws by their Conventions and supra national agencies ( Psalm 2: 2 , Psalm 83: 5 ) They are even changing the races, includingsuch forced vaccines for gene manipulations of the white Israelites DNA (as in the Days of Noah). Reality is stranger than fiction.
Baron Rothshild – The King of Israel – ‘The City’ in London is called the Black Vatican.
When they control the political institutions, They Will be free to poison all the wells’ of Christianity. ” The Jewish people as a whole will be its own Messiah. It will attain world domination by the dissolution of other races … and by the establishment of a world republic in wooden everywhere the Jews will exercise the privilege of citizenship. In this New World Order the Children of Israel … will furnish all the leaders without encountering opposition … “(Karl Marx Mordechai Levy in a letter to Baruch Levy, quoted in Review de Paris, June 1, 1928, p. 574)
They always use the same rhetoric two get their will in all questions, an endless complaining and whining, Claiming ‘anti-semitism’ and ‘everybody is against us’, poor us, you all must protect us, that is two Protecting the wolves from the sheeps ( Matthew 7:15 )
They claim this, Despite the Obvious factthat all of the politicians of the Western World is doing their bidding (Reviews those nets, WHO make it to the position, is killed ), They just continue complaining and whining, will have everything their way, and They are very successfull. There is no nation under the stars That is opposing inhibition, there is no nation where there is not politicians in leadership on their payroll or loyal two Themes and their agenda (yes, it includes Putin). It is all just the game of Hegelian dialectics.
The Truth Hurts – Jews in Israel Not the Jews of the Bible
UN was orininally a good thought, the Light from the North, the Nordic Christian spirit two promoters brotherhood and love, not a political alliance to a World Government of the Jews (New World Order), but the whole idea was hijacked by the Jews, Also with the aid of occult Norwegians. I do believe the plan was two hijack the institution That was impermeant for good, but used for evil, from the very beginning. In Developed as a tool for The Babylonian Network (TBN).
The first General Secretary was the Norwegian Trygve Lie, said two his reliever Swedish Dag Hammer Skiold he took over the Worlds most ‘impossible job’.The idea of UN was two spread human dignity, peace and prosperity to the World in the Christian traditions, but When the Jews hijacked it, it was militarized and used for loothing and drive their political agenda, it Became the Serpent-seeds own tyranny and protector for all kind of perversities as ‘human rights’ be it on the sexual arena, abortions and whatever satanic deprivation we can think of. It was Madam Blavatsky’s eastern mystery luciferian religion of iniquities’ christ, more than Jesus Christ That Became the ‘light’ of the day.
Destabilization process. Attempting to open the Sixth Seal of Kabbalah. Politically orchreastrating the Days of Lot to achieve the Days of Noah. Satanic Laws of reversal, bending history in the way of justice.
Homosexual Sleepers “spring into action” as “Active Measure»
Righteousness is the opposite of “iniquity”. Iniquity means “Unequal, injustice, violation of law, unjust”. Righteous means “pure, just, Justifiable, upright”.
They have with violence and occult Means thrown down Jesus Christ from His throne and Kingship of the World, and made themelves collectively the sacrificial lambs Passow for mans evils, but the biggest evils ice themelves arranging.
Actually the UN nation of physical Israel is the only sound nation of one reason only, the reason all should have, that it is ‘Jew Only’. That is a compleletly sound Biblical doctrine, it is the doctrine of Gd, but the Jews and their UN is destroying all other nations right to the same privilege by flooding themwith immigrant.
It is not Gd That is flooding us with infidels and Savages. It is the Jews. It is not G-ds judgment. It is the Jews judgment of the Christian nations.
” Remember, O Lord, what is come upon us: Consider, and behold our reproach. 2 Our inheritance is turned two strangers, our houses two aliens . 3 We are orphans and father less, our mothers are as Widows. 4 We have drunken our water for money; our wood is sold unto us. 5 Our necks are under persecution: we labor, and have no residue. 6 We have given the hand to the Egyptians, and to the Assyrians , to be satisfied with bread. 7 Our fathers have sinned, and are not; and we have borne their iniquities. 8 Servants have ruled over us: there is none That doth deliver us out of their hand . 9 We gat our bread with the peril of our lives Because of the sword of the wilderness. “ – Lamentations 5: 1-9
It happened to our present fathers 2700+ – years ago. It is happening to us now. Truly, “there is nothing New under the Sun”. They change the borders of our habitations ( Acts 5:26 p.m. ).
PEOPLE CELEBRATE 71 years of independence.. (photo credit: REUTERS)
Last year, there was much hype around the 70th anniversary of Israeli independence, that the 71st birthday seems anti-climatic. The Culture Ministry had designed a special logo for the occasion and, of course, the United States moved its embassy to Jerusalem. From a Biblical perspective as well, 70 was a significant number as it represented the nations of the world at a time when Israel successfully was developing relationships with new countries and Gulf States for the first time. No new logo was revealed this year, no major diplomatic breakthroughs were achieved, yet, from a Biblical perspective, 71 is also a number with great significance.
The Book of Numbers describes the travails of the people of Israel in the wilderness. Following the exalted Exodus from Egypt, the nation quickly falls from their lofty perch. They are tired, hungry and thirsty, they complain to Moses.
God recognizes that Moses had reached his limit and instructs him, “Gather for me 70 elders of whom you have experience as elders and officers of the people, and bring them to the Tent of Meeting and let them take their place there with you.”
Moses, along with the 70 elders, form the first government of Israel according to the divine directive, and the next verse sanctifies the hallowed arrangement: “I will come down and speak with you there, and I will draw upon the spirit that is on you and put it upon them; they shall share the burden of the people with you, and you shall not bear it alone.” (Numbers 11: 16,17)
No one person can lead a nation by themselves and so God takes some of the spirit (ruach) that He had given to Moses and places it upon the elders so that all 71 members of this first government can jointly bear the burden of responsibility.
Moses and the 70 elders became the basis for the 71-member Sanhedrin which ruled over Israel for hundreds of years. During the period of the Second Temple, the Sanhedrin met on the Temple Mount since justice and governance were central features of the Temple.
THE 71ST year of Israel thus presents an opportunity to further incorporate Biblical principles into the governance of the Jewish state. Israel already has laws in place that safeguard Shabbat and kashrut, that uphold the language of Hebrew and the Jewish calendar and honor the sanctity of life based on Torah principles. As the only Jewish state in the world, these laws are entirely unique and a great source of national pride.
However, in this age of increasing Biblical illiteracy and secularization, there is a danger that Biblical values are eroding, both in Israel and the United States. In America, President Donald Trump formed a Faith Council that meets regularly to discuss governance according to Biblical principles.
Members of Trump’s Faith Council were in Israel this week and met with members of Knesset to encourage them to remain faithful to Biblical principles.
Pastor Jim Garlow and his wife, Rosemary Schindler Garlow, spoke at an event co-sponsored by Israel365 and hosted by MK Keren Barak (Likud) and addressed several new members of the Knesset, on behalf of President Trump’s Faith Council. “We want you to know that we believe strongly that God has elevated President Trump because of his fervent support for Israel. We know that God blesses nations that stand with Israel and we will urge the president to continue to stand with you and we will pray for the success of the new members of Knesset.”
I had the opportunity to share about the importance of the number 71 to the new members of Knesset along with the leaders from President Trump’s Faith Council who lobbied hard last year on behalf of the embassy relocation to Jerusalem and the recent recognition of the Golan Heights. This year has the potential of achieving even greater milestones in Israeli history, if we recognize that our national destiny is fundamentally linked to our Biblical heritage.
For 71 years, the Knesset has become the seat of power for the Jewish state, assuming a role of major significance according to the Bible.
“I will restore your magistrates as of old, and your counselors as of yore. After that you shall be called City of Righteousness, Faithful City.” (Isaiah 1:26)
May the 71st year of Israeli independence bring the same spirit of God onto today’s leaders of Israel so that Jerusalem can be recognized by the whole world as the “City of Righteousness” that helps bring peace and justice to this vital region and the entire world.
The writer is the director of Israel365 and editor of The Israel Bible, the first Bible to highlight the connection between the Land and the People of Israel.
The State of Israel is in turmoil. There are those Jews who believe that this is the time for the Jew to RISE UP and CONTROL THE WORLD. There are those who believe that GOD himself will raise the Jewish people up in His way and His Time. There are many Jewish people in the Holy Land and around the world who are coming to KNOW JESUS/Yeshua. It is a very interesting and troubled time in which we live. Basically the world is struggling with the question WHO MAKES THE LAWS??
Far-right leader Bezalel Smotrich, who is vying for the justice portfolio and known for his radical views, said Israel should ‘go back to operating as it did in King David’s days’
Netanyahu attends the weekly cabinet meeting in Jerusalem, June 2, 2019.Ronen Zvulun/Pool via AP
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Monday Israel will not be governed by Jewish law, brushing off controversial comments made earlier by a far-right leader that caused an uproar.
Knesset member Bezalel Smotrich, whose Union of the Right-wing Parties is allied with Netanyahu’s Likud, said that Israel should operate according to biblical laws. “The State of Israel, the country of the Jewish people, God willing, will go back to operating as it did in the days of King David and King Solomon,” the far right lawmaker said in an interview to Kan Bet radio.
Haaretz Weekly Ep. 29Haaretz
“I want the State of Israel to operate according to the Torah in the long run. That’s how it should be, it’s a Jewish state,” he added.
Following a backlash by other political leaders and on social media, Netanyahu tweeted: “The State of Israel will not be a halakhic state.”
Reacting on Facebook to Smotrich’s remarks, Yisrael Beiteinu leader Avigdor Lieberman, whom the prime minister blames for his failure to form a governing coalition following the April 9 Knesset election due to Lieberman’s refusal to compromise with ultra-Orthodox parties on a legislation on the drafting of yeshiva students, wrote: “This is exactly what Yisrael Beiteinu is trying to prevent – turning Israel from a Jewish state to a state of halakha. Modern Israeli law includes both a component of Jewish law and of universal values.”
Bezalel Smotrich speaks at the Israel Bar Association in Tel Aviv, on Monday May 27, 2019.Liav Peled
Lieberman’s party colleague in the Knesset Oded Forer said: “[Smotrich’s comments] made it clear to everyone what kind of government Netanyahu wanted to form here and the extent to which he surrendered in negotiations to all of the demands of the ultra-Orthodox” and of Orthodox tending toward ultra-Orthodoxy.
Knesset member Shelly Yacimovich (Labor Party) tweeted in part that the consequences of Smotrich’s suggestion would include a ban on homosexual intercourse and in addition “that a man can drive out his wife if she doesn’t do household chores, all property belongs to the husband, a return of slavery, stoning.”
Responding to criticism on the left, in a reference to the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Smotrich said: “The people who have been working for years to establish an Islamic state that would operate based on Sharia law 10 minutes from Tel Aviv are frightened by the aspiration for Jewish law in the state of the Jews. When all is said and done, it’s logical.”
Smotrich, who is known for his extreme right-wing opinions and is a declared homophobe, had announced during recent coalition negotiation talks that he would like to receive the justice portfolio.
On Sunday, after Netanyahu fired Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, he called on the premier to immediately appoint him even before Israel holds a new election on September 17.
Smotrich suggested that biblical law should be imposed “according to today’s spirit, today’s economy, and how society lives in 2019.”
The chair of the right-wing union, which was formed before the April 9 election and includes members who are followers of the late racist rabbi Meir Kahane, also spoke about diminishing the importance of the courts in Israel. “Hebrew law is respected and it should be even more respected in Israel’s legal methods.”
Smotrich went after the former chief of the High Court, ex-Justice Aharon Barak, saying that “the rules of the Torah are much more preferable to the halakah state that Aharon Barak created here. Why is a halakah [Jewish law] state where rules are determined by Aharon Barak and a small group of judges okay?”
Smotrich also addressed the dismissal of Shaked and former Education Minister Naftali Bennett. “I had nothing to do with it,” he said. The lawmaker noted that his party would have asked for Netanyahu to make this move in the previous election if it really was going after the two former ministers.
Ofer Berkovich (left) and Moshe Lion – candidates for the Jerusalem Mayor. (Credit: Yonatan Sindel/Flash90/Breaking Israel News)
Jerusalem will have a new mayor next week and more than any other election this year will decide the religious nature of Israel’s capital. The nascent Sanhedrin has addressed a letter to the two candidates emphasizing the role of the Third Temple in municipal current policy.
The Jerusalem mayoral election held last week ran five candidates, but the results were so close that an additional runoff vote next week is needed to choose between the top two. Moshe Lion with 33 percent of the vote and Ofer Berkovitch with 29 percent will run off against each other – with neither achieving the 40 percent of the electorate required to win office.
Lion has previously been closely allied with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In 1996, Lion was appointed managing director of the Prime Minister’s Office, serving simultaneously as his economic adviser. He continued in both those roles until 1999. Netanyahu, however, has not officially endorsed either candidate.
Berkovich is the founder and chairman of Jerusalem’s “Hitorerut (awakening) in Jerusalem”, a non-aligned Zionist political movement. Appointed as one of the city’s eight deputy mayors in 2013, he has been instrumental in passing laws to increase affordable housing in the city, such as double-taxing owners of vacant properties and allowing local authorities to utilize public lands for the purpose of building apartments which would be rented out at low prices. He wants to make Jerusalem cleaner and even more high-tech friendly. He has sponsored joint Arab-Israeli cultural and sports projects.
“When Arabs see that Jews are fighting with them, shoulder to shoulder, for a clean city and that the eastern part of the city remain clean, it will change their thinking,” Berkovich told Times of Israel in an interview..
As for terrorism, he believes that if they are provided better municipal services, they will have less reason to turn to Hamas.
But the politics of the eternal Jewish capital are most fiercely fought on the battlefield of religion. In addition to his political connections, Lion, religiously observant, was endorsed by leading ultra-Orthodox rabbis, an important asset in a city in which the Haredi represent approximately 35% of the overall Jewish vote.
Berkovich, on the other hand, was the only one of the candidates that led a secular lifestyle. He has campaigned for businesses to open on the Sabbath. Not only is that policy distasteful to the city’s religious residents, but Berkovich perceives Haredi politicians as having a negative impact.
“The other candidates are liable to capitulate to the Haredi extortion, and may not understand the strategic steps the city needs to take in order to flourish and get on the right track,” Berkovich told Times of Israel. “They weren’t partners in the successes of recent years: the vibrant cultural [scene], economic development, the urban revolution… I don’t think they know what is needed, I don’t think they know the city well enough, I don’t think they understand what to do here.
The religious Jewish aspect of being the mayor Jerusalem was amplified to an even greater degree in an open letter that the Sanhedrin sent to the two candidates.
“With God’s merciful approval, one of you will be chosen as head of the city, may it be built and made ready for its ultimate purpose,” the Sanhedrin wrote. “We call on the candidates as well as the voters to make choices based on truth and on the main aspect of Jerusalem, which is the building of the Temple.”
The Sanhedrin wrote a similar letter to U.S. President Donald Trump after he won the election, calling on him to take a role in building the Third Temple just as Persian King Cyrus helped the Jews build the Second Temple after the Babylonian exile in the sixth century BCE.
“Avoiding this essential issue endangers the existence of the city and its identity as the capital of Israel, thereby endangering Israel itself,” the Sanhedrin wrote to the mayoral candidates. “Every Jew and all of humanity are commanded to ascend to the Temple Mount.”
“We expect you, as candidates, to relate to this role the city has as home of the Temple. This subject is not simply a matter of religious belief but must also be expressed in political, fiscal, and educational terms.”
The Sanhedrin emphasized the importance of Jerusalem in the world. In the letter, they noted that the capital of Israel is frequently the focus of domestic politics and, in the case of Trump, has become an essential part of his platform. In the letter, the Sanhedrin praised Trump for moving the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem.
“Jerusalem in its entirety is sanctified as Holy and is the spiritual center of the world, the throne of God. We urge you to make public your plans relating to this aspect of the city. There are several ways this can be accomplished, such as festivals of holiness to replace those of impurity.”
The Sanhedrin has already begun working toward this end, holding full-dress reenactments of the Temple service before the Biblical feasts. Another glorious example of this was the World Creation Concert held the week before Rosh Hashana, which several representatives from South American countries attended.
The Sanhedrin emphasized that the city will change when the Temple is built, requiring massive improvements to its infrastructure.
“Jerusalem must prepared to host the millions of pilgrims who will attend the feasts when the Third Temple is built,” the letter said. “We also call on the government to prepare a center for an international body to replace the United Nations and the Hague, one that will be rooted in the Bible.”
And you shall declare to them: Thus said Hashem: I am going to take B’nei Yisrael from among the nations they have gone to, and gather them from every quarter, and bring them to their own land. Ezekiel 37:21 (The Israel Bible™)
Lighting the fire on the Altar for the Third Temple for the first time. (Credit: Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz/Breaking Israel News)
On September 25, the 5,780th anniversary of the day on which Jewish tradition holds the world was created, the Sanhedrin is holding a conference for the emerging Organization of 70 Nations. The conference will culminate in an animal sacrifice made by representatives of the nations on the Mount of Olives in which they will renew the covenant made by Noah upon leaving the Ark.
The Conference and 70 Nations
The conference will begin on Wednesday evening, September 25, the 25th day of the Hebrew month of Elul at the Jerusalem Gate Hotel and continue until Friday, September 27. Lectures and discussions will focus on the Noahide obligations incumbent upon all of mankind. Also discussed will be the universal economic, cultural, educational that should be the focus of such an organization. A major focus will also be the establishment of an international court based on Bible principles.
God established the borders of the world based on the 70 children of Israel who went down to Egypt and the 70 nations that came out from Noah. The concept of 70 nations also appears in reference to the 70 oxen offered in the Temple throughout Sukkot (the feast of the tabernacles) which the Talmud (Sukkah 55b) teaches are for the merit of the 70 nations.
In attendance will be official representatives of several nations: Representing Guatemala, Vice president of the Republic of Guatemala Jafeth Ernesto Cabrera Franco as well as several of his advisers. There will also be official delegations from El Salvador, Mexico, Honduras, Bolivia, Trinidad Tobago, and Costa Rica. Many other countries have yet to commit to attending. Several of the delegates are parliamentarians of their respective countries.
Universal Prayer
The first day of the conference will end with a joint prayer by all the participants. Rabbi Yeshayahu Hollander, the Sanhedrin’s Foreign Minister has been tasked with composing the unique prayer for the special occasion.
“Religion is a difficult word,” Rabbi Hollander said. “An individual does not need a religion to relate to God. Adam did not need religion to speak to God. Religion is an activity that a community does together. Nations were established with Noah and then there became a need for religion. We need to come together as distinct nations and religions.”
“A nation has the attributes that define it but it also needs a religion,” Rabbi Hollander said, suggesting that the United Nations lacked this attribute. “An organization of nations necessarily needs to be religious, 70 nations under God, but not any specific common religion.”
Noahide Principles Incumbent on all of Mankind
Much of the conference will be dedicated to the seven principles incumbent upon all mankind given to Noah after the Biblical flood. A lecture on the subject will be given by the chairman of Brit Olam – Noahide World Center Rabbi Oury Cherki. Rabbi Hollander, who also sits on the board of the Brit Olam organization, is convinced that universal adherence to the Noahide laws is necessary for the existence of civilization.
“If you read history you will see that the Hebraicists of the 17th century believed in a minimum basis which society needs in order to exist,” Rabbi Hollander said. “This is clearly true in the Noahide law to establish courts of law. All of the laws are required by a nation and not by an individual. An international, or multinational organization, needs to establish the basics required for the survival of civilization.”
Knesset and Sacrifice
As part of the conference, the representatives will visit the Temple Mount and pay an official visit to the Knesset with the Sanhedrin.
On Friday, the conference will culminate in a trip to the Mount of Olives where the nations will be invited to reenact the ceremony first performed by Noah upon exiting the Ark.
Then Noach built an altar to Hashem and, taking of every clean animal and of every clean bird, he offered burnt offerings on the altar. Genesis 8:20
The ceremony will renew the covenant made between mankind and God at that time.
“I now establish My covenant with you and your offspring to come, and with every living thing that is with you—birds, cattle, and every wild beast as well—all that have come out of the ark, every living thing on earth. I will maintain My covenant with you: never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of a flood, and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth.” Genesis 9:9-11
This sacrifice made by Noah was a Korban Olah (a sacrifice that goes up), a tribute to God that was entirely burnt on the altar.
“Just as Noah was not Jewish but was a servant of God, this ceremony is a declaration that mankind is serving Hashem (God, literally, ‘the name’),” Rabbi Weiss explained. The altar must be built and the sacrifice made by someone from the nations who keeps the seven Noahide laws. It is still unclear
“This is a religious act but not for any specific religion,” Rabbi Weiss said. “This is a meta-religion, not a global religion, which is inherent in every person and expressed in his own way. The world needs to return to religion. Rejecting religion, rejecting God, is a sickness that is afflicting the world. Secularism rejects human values. The UN declared abortion and euthanasia to be human rights. This is a sign of sickness. The concept of family, a father, and mother, is a basic human quality reinforced by religion and rejected by secularism. The concept of belonging to a nation, to a tribe, to a people, is rejected by secularism. Man was given the mandate to care for the world but they have turned people into animals and animals into people. It is impossible to continue like this.”
Another purpose of the conference and the organization of the 70 Nations is to begin the return of the lost ten-tribes of Israel.
“The establishment of the modern State of Israel began the process of the ingathering of the exiles,” Rabbi Weiss explained. “In the past, people who were descended from Jews would fade away and never return. We are blessed to live in an age when so many of these people are discovering their roots in the Jewish people and are reconnecting to this. But the next step is to raise awareness so that the lost ten-tribes of Israel can return as well, as prophesied.”
And you shall declare to them: Thus said Hashem: I am going to take B’nei Yisrael from among the nations they have gone to, and gather them from every quarter, and bring them to their own land. Ezekiel 37:21
Towards this end, Rabbi Eliyahu Birnbaum who travels the world looking for hidden descendants of Jews will be the first keynote speaker to address the conference.
The 70 Nations initiative began last year at the World Creation Concert when high-ranking delegations from Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico signed a declaration saying:
“We, as representatives of our nations, declare that according to the laws of Torah that God to Moses at Mount of Sinai, and according to the prophets of Israel and all the books of the Bible we wish to accompany the people of God, the people of Israel, to the place chosen by God, the Temple on Mount, Moriah, the place of binding the of Isaac.
“All this in order to serve only the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as it is written:
‘That my house will becalled a house of prayer to ALL peoples’
We are all gathered together in the name of peace and love with the people of Israel in the courtyards of the House of God as the sages of Israel and to fulfill the messianic vision of peace.”
God blessed Abraham by saying, ‘They that will bless you will be blessed.’ We pray that by blessing Israel today, we, in turn, will be blessed.”
Seventy Nations: Principles
The Seventy Nations organization is directed at all of mankind who accept G-d as the creator of the world and who recognize his leadership as He appears in the annals of the world and the universe. The Bible relates to God as He is known in the individual lives of all beings, in the history and language of all nations both for creating and destroying, for reward and for punishment. Just as God reveals Himself in the Bible and declares His laws and precepts, so the purpose of man in history to serve Him through the medium of the Temple as He wills it, and through the power of His holiness that comes from Zion.
All humanity, all Peoples both individually and in multi-faceted groupings, are descendants of Adam and Eve. All were created in the image of G-d and called “Man”. All humanity survived the “flood” and committed themselves to follow the joint covenant with G-d by following those basic laws and precepts whose violation brought on the destruction of mankind in the time of Noah. And to await for G-d’s mercy.
The basic breaches of G-d’s laws are the following: revolt against G-d, lack of justice, forbidden sexual relations, murder, stealing and robbery, worshipping a false G-d, inflicting damage to life as it is lived through illegal and unbridled greed.
These breaches in a positive tone are expressed as the covenant of the Noachites.
The Seventy Nations organization envisions the redemption and rehabilitation of man and the whole world. It respects the honor of all mankind, the family, tribe, the country, and the state and their individual and collective freedoms. It carries out this principle by protecting the rights and obligations of all in an equal manner according to the laws of the Bible and international justice based on the Bible.
The organization will concern itself with the protection of the globe, the just distribution of resources and the avoidance of theft and the results of excessive greed.
The organization will protect the culture, the language, the territories and borders of all nations, states, and societies.
The organization does not accept rule of man over man of any kind.
The organization recognizes and accepts the concept of the uniqueness of the people of Israel according to the laws of the Bible, It expects that the people of Israel and its leaders will operate according to the will behave according to the expections from a nation of a society of priests and a holy people.
The Essence of the organization
An international court will sit in Jerusalem and judge according to the important and recognized laws of the Bible as adjusted to actual facts of life.
All members of the organization, states, nations, ethnic groups, tribes will have a seat and equal voting powers in the court of law as long as they accompany the people of Israeli as it appears in the covenant composed by the Sanhedrin in 2018 and signed by a number of countries.
The Seventy Nations and the nations that signed the original covenant mentioned above will compose the court and all decisions will be decided upon by a simple majority vote.
The role of the Sanhedrin will be to consult with and advise the court but the Sanhedrin cannot force its opinion upon the court. It will have one seat and one vote on the court.
All decisions will be made according to a vote including all members.
If more than seventy bodies join the organization the court will determine the division of seats.
All members of the organization will cooperate in building the Temple on Mount Moriah according to their own individual desires and can visit it as they choose when it is built.
All are Invited
The general public is invited to take part in the conference by signing up in advance by contacting arranged in advance by contacting Ayal Be’eri (Tel. 054-534-3545) with a NIS 100 enrollment fee. Three festive meals at the hotel are available by advance order for NIS 160 per meal. Transportation to the Temple Mount is available by prearrangement for NIS 50. Transportation to the Mount of Olives Noahide ceremony is available for NIS 70. Inquiries or pre-orders can be emailed to eliyahu@israel365.com
Author’s Note: There have been many comments and questions concerning the sacrifice. The source for performing it is as follows: Rambam Mishneh Torah – Maaseh Hakorbanot 19:16 Gentiles are permitted to offer burnt offerings to God in all places, provided they sacrifice them on a raised structure that they build. It is forbidden to help them [offer these sacrifices] or act as agents for them, for we are forbidden to sacrifice outside [the Temple Courtyard]. It is permitted to instruct them and teach them how to sacrifice to the Almighty, blessed be He
What is Public Law 102-14? Does it protect us from edicts such as the Noahide Laws? This is part 3 of the series Noahide Laws with Dr. Stephen Pidgeon.
The Sanhedrin invites all nations to participate in dedication of the altar as the UN votes to deny Jewish connection to the Temple Mount and more in this weeks’ Israel News Recap.
Posted by Stephen Pidgeon on Friday, February 22, 2019 at 12:00 AM
Let’s be blunt. This blog post is a complete denunciation of the Noahide laws – these are anathema to the followers of the truth in MASHIACH – who is the way, the truth, and the life. Here we are going to see that the Noahide laws presented to the world by Hasidic and Orthodox Judaism are first FALSE in their conception and their history, and second, and not any form of morality whatsoever, as we will soon see.
Yahuchanon (John) 14:6 YAHUSHA said unto him, I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life: no man comes unto the Father, but by me.
Let’s begin by the admission as to what are the Noahide laws in the modern world. According to Jews and Hasidic Gentiles United to Save America (JAHG-USA), the following is true:
“To the Jewish people [sic] G-d gave the entire Torah [teaching] as their Law. They therefore have a special responsibility—with special commandments—to be the priesthood of the world[sic], a “light unto the nations.”
“What about the rest of the world? What is G-d’s will for them?
“G-d gave Noah and all his descendants (B’nei Noach or “children of Noah”) seven commandments to obey[sic]. These seven universal laws (known as the “Seven Noahide Laws”) were reaffirmed with Moses and the Jewish people at Mt. Sinai in what is now known as the Oral Torah [i.e., not written down so the rest of the world could verify this claim], establishing modern observance[source?] of these laws. These seven commandments (mitsvoth), actually seven categories of hundreds of specific laws, are G-d’s will for all non-Jews[source?].
“Non-Jews who (1) reject all idolatrous ideas[in whose opinion?] and accept the kingship of the One G-d, (2) accept the priesthood of the Jewish people as the guardians and teachers of Torah[source?], and (3) commit to following the Seven Noahide Laws as revealed in the Oral Torah[source?] from Mt. Sinai are “Hasidic Gentiles” or “Noahides.” The term “Hasidic Gentile” is derived from a classic commentary by the Rambam, Rav Moshe ben Maimon (Maimonides), in The Laws of Kings 8:11:
“Anyone who accepts upon himself the fulfillment of these Seven Mitzvos [commandments] and is precise in their observance is considered one of the hasidei umos ha’olam [“Hasidim of the nations of the world”] and will merit a share in the World to Come.”
“The Seven Noahide Laws are the minimal observance for non-Jews. The source of these laws and the basis of their understanding is the Oral Torah, which G-d gave to the Jewish people at Mount Sinai [sic] along with His Written Law. By learning from the Jews and performing the mitsvoth, non-Jews have a crucial role in G-d’s Creation.
“The Seven Noahide Laws actually encompass numerous details and applications within hundreds of laws, each with specific applications. One should also keep in mind that these laws are only the minimal basis for a Hasidic gentile’s service to G-d, since there are many Jewish mitzvos that non-Jews are encouraged to adopt to accomplish more. Through these laws a gentile refines himself and the Creation as a whole, fulfilling his purpose for existence.”
[Note: Their website features a photo of the now-deceased Messiah Rabbi Schneerson]
The Noahide Laws are based on the codification of “Oral Law” as set forth in the Babylonian Talmud. Because there is no written record prior to the creation of the Yerushalmi Mishneh, we have only the opinion of these writers and their biases to substantiate the claim that the ordinances set forth therein were actual “oral tradition” or well-understood, and well-accepted “oral law” and that the written codification was free of all corruption, some 1500 years (15 centuries) after they were supposedly given.
Important to recognize: the first written Mishneh was finalized by Judah the Prince around the year 200 CE, well after the rise of the following of YAHUSHA had burst on the scene. It was “polished” in Babylon under Babylonian influence some 200-500 years later, and subsequently reaffirmed by the Zohar influenced Sephardim in Spain during the time of Maimonides (1135-1204) (mentioned above), who gave definition to the “Noahide” laws some 2500 years after they were supposedly given at Mt. Sinai.
Before we review the “Noahide” laws, let take a quick look at the lies in the claims of JAGH-USA, shall we?
“To the Jewish people [sic] G-d gave the entire Torah [teaching] as their Law.”
Shemoth (Exodus) 19:3-5 And Mosheh went up unto ELOHIYM, and YAHUAH called unto him out of the mountain, saying, Thus shall you say to the house of Ya`aqov, and tell the children of Yashar’el; 4 Ye have seen what I did unto the Mitsriym, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings, and brought you unto myself. 5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and guard את eth-my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine: 6 And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation. These are the words which you shall speak unto the children of Yashar’el.
Not to belabor a point, but Yahudah (Judah) was but one of the 13 houses called Yashar’el (Ephrayim and Menashsheh, the sons of Yoceph sitting in place of the house of Yoceph).
The Torah was never given exclusively to the tribe of Yahudah; the Torah was not given to the practitioners of the Talmud in the religion called Judaism, since that religion did not form until the creation of the Yerushalmi Talmud; the Torah was not given to the Pharisees (the Parashiym – the so-called children of Pheres) for the same reason the Torah wasn’t given exclusively to the house of Yahudah; and the Torah was not given to the Yahudiym – i.e., the citizens of the Kingdom of Yahud (the Kingdom of David and his progeny), because they didn’t exist yet and wouldn’t exist for generations.
Furthermore, the Torah was not only intended for just the children of Yashar’el:
Vayiqra (Leviticus) 19:33-34 And if a stranger sojourn with you in your land, ye shall not vex him. 34 But the stranger that dwells with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for ye were strangers in the land of Mitsrayim: I am YAHUAH ELOHAYKEM.
Bemidbar (Numbers) 9:14 And if a stranger shall sojourn among you, and will keep the Pecach unto YAHUAH; according to the ordinance of the Pecach, and according to the manner thereof, so shall he do: ye shall have one ordinance, both for the stranger, and for him that was born in the land.
The reduction of the priesthood to just Jews – when no Yahudiy citizenship exists or has existed since 586 BC, and when Judaism did not come to exist before the third century – and the application of the Torah belonging only to the Jews is a reduction of the Torah, prohibited by the Torah itself. So in addition to this being a blatant falsehood and a categoric misrepresentation of what the Torah actually says, it also is anathema to the Torah and directly contradicts it.
“The Jews therefore have a special responsibility—with special commandments—to be the priesthood of the world [sic], a “light unto the nations.”
Absolute baloney. There are no “special commandments” for the house of Yahudah given in the Torah, nor are they called out to be the priesthood to the world. It was always been and continues to be a responsibility of the whole of the house of Yashar’el and those who sojourn with them.
“G-d gave Noah and all his descendants (B’nei Noach or “children of Noah”) seven commandments to obey [sic].
Keeping in mind that this conclusion rests entirely upon the “Oral Law” as defined by a corrupted pharisaical priesthood existing in the third century, made up exclusively of those who already considered and denied the deity of Mashiach, let’s see what the truth is.
Yovheliym (Jubilees) 7:20 And in the twenty eighth jubilee Noach began to enjoin upon his son’s sons the ordinances and commandments, and all the judgments that he knew, and he exhorted his sons to observe righteousness, and to cover the shame of their flesh, and to bless their Creator, and honour father and mother, and love their neighbour, and guard their souls from fornication and uncleanness and all iniquity.
Unlike the rabbinical reach to create out of whole cloth a set of laws based upon centuries of rabbinical midrash, we actually have a list of laws actually given to Noach.
Observe righteousness,
Cover the shame of their flesh,
Bless their Creator,
Honour father and mother,
Love their neighbour,
Guard their souls from fornication and uncleanness
[Guard their souls from] all iniquity.
But, the rabbis of the third century – many of whom were not of the tribe of Yahudah – couldn’t refer to these laws, because they refused to recognize the CepherYovheliym. So, they came up with their own.
The last lie of this claim is as follows:
“Non-Jews who (1) reject all idolatrous ideas and accept the kingship of the One G-d, (2) accept the priesthood of the Jewish people as the guardians and teachers of Torah, and (3) commit to following the Seven Noahide Laws as revealed in the Oral Torah from Mt. Sinai are “Hasidic Gentiles” or “Noahides.”
The first premise is to accept “One G-d” as that concept is understood by the practitioners of Talmudic Judaism, which of course means denying the Son; (Because they still can’t answer the question posed by Shalomah (Solomon) in Mishlei (Proverbs) 30:4).
The second is to accept the priesthood of the Jewish people as the guardians and teacher of Torah. This cannot be credibly done by anyone, nor should it be accepted by anyone.
First, the whole of the house of Yashar’el and those who sojourn with them are declared to be priests under the Torah (ignoring for a moment that the followers of Mashiach are all kings and priests), not just the house of Yahudah.
Second, the practitioners of Talmudic Judaism cannot be trusted with the Torah as there are so many premises within the Talmud are contradictory, nullifying, and anathema to the Torah. It is doubtful, given the modern practice found within the nation of Israel, that they can even be trusted as guardians of the Talmud, let alone the Torah.
Third, there is no scriptural support for the claim that the Seven Noahide Laws were given at Mt. Sinai.
In short, there is nothing viable or credible in the claim of JAHG-USA concerning the Noahide Laws. As to the content of these laws, let’s take a look at what the Talmudists propose:
THE SEVEN “NOAHIDE” LAWS
NOAHIDE 1. Idolatry is forbidden. Man is commanded to believe in the One God alone and worship only Him.
IDOLATRY – To worship YAHUSHA as the Messiah is blasphemy according to the Talmud and punishable by decapitation.
NOAHIDE 2. Incestuous and adulterous relations are forbidden. Human beings are not sexual objects, nor is pleasure the ultimate goal of life.
“Talmud law permits sexual intercourse between children and adults. This doctrine is contained in a number of Mishnahs. Before we examine them, however, it is necessary that the reader be familiar with the word kethubah.
Here is a Mishnah from Kethuboth 11a:
MISHNAH. WHEN A GROWN-UP MAN (7) HAS HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH (8) A LITTLE GIRL, (9) OR WHEN A SMALL BOY (10) HAS INTERCOURSE WITH A GROWN-UP WOMAN, OR [WHEN A GIRL WAS ACCIDENTALLY] INJURED BY A PIECE OF WOOD (11) — [IN ALL THESE CASES] THEIR KETHUBAH IS TWO HUNDRED [ZUZ] …
— Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Kethuboth 11a
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 57
The translator, Rabbi Dr. Samuel Daiches, amplifies the text with footnotes:
A man who was of age.
Lit., ‘who came on’.
Less than three years old.
Less than nine years of age.
Lit., ‘One who was injured by wood’, as a result of which she injured the hymen.
— Rabbi Dr. Daiches
Let’s review the above-cited Mishnah: “When a grown-up man has had sexual intercourse with a little girl, or when a small boy has intercourse with a grown-up woman …” It is obvious that sex activity between a grown man and a little girl, and between a grown woman and a little boy, is a part of the woof and the warp of everyday Talmud life; such relationships, in the eyes of the Sages, are unremarkable. There is no prohibition on sexual activity between adults and young children — it is simply regulated. Recall the words of the Very Reverend the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire the late Dr. Joseph Herman Hertz:
Religion in the Talmud attempts to penetrate the whole of human life with the sense of law and right. Nothing human is in its eyes mean or trivial; everything is regulated and sanctified by religion. Religious precept and duty accompany man from his earliest years to the grave and beyond it. They guide his desires and actions at every moment.
— Rabbi Dr. Hertz (38)
Thus, if the Talmud permits girls three years old and younger to be sexually used by adults, that is the law. The concern of the Sages is to ensure that the adult is not, technically speaking, in violation of any of the rules.
Regenerating Virginity
In the Gemara that follows the Mishnah of Kethuboth 11a (cited above), the Sages discuss the issues. They say having intercourse with a girl younger than three is like putting a finger in the eye. Rabbi Dr. Daiches explains in the footnotes that, just as tears come to the eye again and again, so does virginity come back to the little girl under three years.
GEMARA. Rab Judah said that Rab said: A small boy who has intercourse with a grown-up woman makes her [as though she were] injured by a piece of wood. (1) When I said it before Samuel he said: ‘Injured by a piece of wood’ does not apply to (2) flesh. Some teach this teaching by itself: (3) [As to] a small boy who has intercourse with a grown-up woman, Rab said, he makes her [as though she were] injured by a piece of wood; whereas Samuel said: ‘Injured by a piece of wood’ does not apply to flesh. R. Oshaia objected: WHEN A GROWN-UP MAN HAS HAD INTERCOURSE WITH A LITTLE GIRL, OR WHEN A SMALL BOY HAS INTERCOURSE WITH A GROWN-UP WOMAN, OR WHEN A GIRL WAS ACCIDENTALLY INJURED BY A PIECE OF WOOD — [IN ALL THESE CASES] THEIR KETHUBAH IS TWO HUNDRED [ZUZ]; SO ACCORDING TO R. MEIR. BUT THE SAGES SAY: A GIRL WHO WAS INJURED ACCIDENTALLY BY A PIECE OF WOOD — HER KETHUBAH IS A MANEH! (4) Raba said, It means (5) this: When a grown-up man has intercourse with a little girl it is nothing, for when the girl is less than this, (6) it is as if one puts the finger into the eye; (7) but when a small boy has intercourse with a grown-up woman he makes her as ‘a girl who is injured by a piece of wood,’ and [with regard to the case of] ‘a girl injured by a piece of wood,’ itself, there is the difference of opinion between R. Meir and the Sages.
— Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Kethuboth 11b
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 57-58
Rabbi Dr. Samuel Daiches amplifies the text with footnotes (page 58):
Although the intercourse of a small boy is not regarded as a sexual act, nevertheless the woman is injured by it as by a piece of wood.
Lit., ‘is not in’.
I.e., the difference of opinion between Rab and Samuel with regard to that question was recorded without any reference to R. Judah.
The Sages differ only with regard to a girl injured by a piece of wood, but not with regard to a small boy who has intercourse with a grown-up woman. This shows that the latter case cannot be compared with the former case. The Mishnah would consequently be against Rab and for Samuel.
Lit., ‘says’.
Lit., ‘here’, that is, less than three years old.
I.e., tears come to the eye again and again, so does virginity come back to the little girl under three years. Cf. Nid. 45a.
— Rabbi Dr. Daiches
The amount of a woman’s kethubah depends on her virginity on her wedding day. But what of a woman who, as a little girl below the age of three years, was raped or otherwise subjected to sexual intercourse? The Sages rule that the kethubah of such a woman is set as if she were still a virgin.
MISHNAH. A WOMAN PROSELYTE, A WOMAN CAPTIVE, AND A WOMAN SLAVE, WHO HAVE BEEN REDEEMED, CONVERTED, OR FREED [WHEN THEY WERE] LESS THAN THREE YEARS AND ONE DAY OLD — THEIR KETHUBAH IS TWO HUNDRED [ZUZ]. AND THERE IS WITH REGARD TO THEM THE CLAIM OF [NON-]VIRGINITY. (17)
— Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Kethuboth 11a
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 54
If they had sexual intercourse before they were three years and one day old the hymen would grow again, and they would be virgins. V. 9a and 11b and cf. Nid. 44b and 45a.
— Rabbi Dr. Daiches (25)
GEMARA. … Rab said: Pederasty with a child below nine years of age is not deemed as pederasty with a child above that. Samuel said: Pederasty with a child below three years is not treated as with a child above that. (2) What is the basis of their dispute? — Rab maintains that only he who is able to engage in sexual intercourse, may, as the passive subject of pederasty throw guilt [upon the active offender]; whilst he who is unable to engage in sexual intercourse cannot be a passive subject of pederasty [in that respect]. (3) But Samuel maintains: Scripture writes, [And thou shalt not lie with mankind] as with the lyings of a woman. (4)
It has been taught in accordance with Rab: Pederasty at the age of nine years and a day; [55a] [he] who commits bestiality, whether naturally or unnaturally; or a woman who causes herself to be bestially abused, whether naturally or unnaturally, is liable to punishment. (5)
— Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 54b – 55a
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 371
The translator, Rabbi Dr. H. Freedman, amplifies the text with footnotes. Note particularly footnote 2: “… but if one committed sodomy with a child of lesser age, no guilt is incurred.” See also the final sentence of footnote 5: “… nine years (and a day) is the minimum age of the passive partner for the adult to be liable.” (See Soncino Talmud Glossary for definition of Baraitha.)
I.e., Rab makes nine years the minimum; but if one committed sodomy with a child of lesser age, no guilt is incurred. Samuel makes three the minimum.
At nine years a male attains sexual matureness.
Lev. XVIII, 22. Thus the point of comparison is the sexual matureness of woman, which is reached at the age of three.
(Rashi reads [H] instead of the [H] in our printed texts. A male, aged nine years and a day who commits etc.] There are thus three distinct clauses in this Baraitha. The first — a male aged nine years and a day — refers to the passive subject of pederasty, the punishment being incurred by the adult offender. This must be its meaning — because firstly, the active offender is never explicitly designated as a male, it being understood, just as the Bible states, Thou shalt not lie with mankind, where only the sex of the passive participant is mentioned; and secondly, if the age reference is to the active party, the guilt being incurred by the passive adult party, why single out pederasty: in all crimes of incest, the passive adult does not incur guilt unless the other party is at least nine years and a day? Hence the Baraitha supports Rab’s contention that nine years (and a day) is the minimum age of the passive partner for the adult to be liable.
— Rabbi Dr. Freedman
The plain English meaning of the Talmud text is clear, but if there is any doubt, the Soncino scholars put the matter to rest: No guilt is incurred with a boy child younger than nine, even in incest. Thus we see that Orthodox Jewish doctrines concerning homosexuality are not accurately represented by modern commentators and other Orthodox spokesmen.
Do you still want to accept the “priesthood” of the Jewish people as the guardians and teachers of Torah? Do you want to accept the Sanhedrin as the judicial authority as to sexual morality?
NOAHIDE 3. Murder is forbidden. The life of a human being, formed in God’s image, is sacred.
Well now, who could disagree with this? The answer: those practicing Talmudic Judaism.
Talmudic scholars maintain that the prohibition on “harm” refers to the woman and not to the fetus, since the scriptural injunction, “He that smites a man so that he dies, shall surely be put to death” (Shemoth (Ex.) 21:12), did not apply to the killing of a fetus (Mekh. SbY, ed. Epstein-Melamed, 126; also Mekh. Mishpatim 8; Targ. Yer., Ex. 21:22–23; BK 42a).
NOAHIDE 4. Cursing the name of God is forbidden. Besides honoring and respecting G-d, we learn from this precept that our speech must be sanctified, as that is the distinctive sign which separated man from the animals.
Just speaking the name of YAHUAH is forbidden under the Talmud.
The Mishnah in Sanhedrin 10 (1) lists those who have no share in the World to Come. Included in these according to Abba Shaul is someone who utters the Divine Name as it is spelled.
The Rambam’s commentary on the mishnah says, “And [likewise], one who pronounces the name [of God] with its letters, yod, hay vav, hay – which is the explicit name (shem hameforash). And they have already mentioned things besides these, that if one does them, he has no share in the world to come.”
According to Judaism 101, “Nothing in the Torah prohibits a person from pronouncing the Name of God. Indeed, it is evident from scripture that God’s Name was pronounced routinely. Many common Hebrew names contain “Yah” or “Yahu,” part of God’s four-letter Name. The Name was pronounced as part of daily services in the Temple.
[NOTE: Judaism 101 does not make any reference to “Yeh” or “Yeho”].
The Mishnah confirms that there was no prohibition against pronouncing The Name in ancient times. However, by the time of the Talmud, it was the custom to use substitute Names for God. Some rabbis asserted that a person who pronounces YHVH according to its letters (instead of using a substitute) has no place in the World to Come, and should be put to death. Instead of pronouncing the four-letter Name, we usually substitute the Name “Adonai,” or simply say “Ha-Shem” (lit. The Name).
Those that we should trust would deny us the right to speak the name (Devariym (Deuteronomy) 32:1; Tehilliym (Psalm) 22:22; Yahuchanon (John) 17:26) and will in fact kill us for doing so.
NOAHIDE 5. Theft is forbidden. The world is not ours to do with as we please.
While this command is consistent with the Ten Devariym actually given to us in writing in both Shemoth 20 and Devariym 5 – but why are the others cut out? Gentiles don’t have to honor their father and mother (even though that law was actually given to Noach); they can obviously bear false witness; and covetousness is permitted through omission.
NOAHIDE 6. Eating the flesh of a living animal is forbidden. This teaches us to be sensitive to cruelty to animals.
This is interesting given that the teaching of the Apostles is to avoid meat sacrificed to idols. The overwhelming Torah mitsvah is to not eat blood of any sort. To somehow pull out this obscure law somehow means that eating blood or unclean food is expressly allowed for the Gentiles. The outrage should be found in the omission.
NOAHIDE 7. Mankind is commanded to establish courts of justice and a just social order to enforce the first six laws and enact any other useful laws or customs.
Guess who wants to be the worldwide Supreme Court? It is none other than the nascent Sanhedrin, now convening in their new headquarters under the Temple Mount in Yerushalayim.
The Noahide laws have no place in the United States, and should be foreclosed by International Law to be inapplicable in all nations with the possible exception of Israel. In addition to being an open contradiction to the Torah, anathema to the New Testament (the Brit Chadasha), and fraudulent in their creation, they also violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
In short, they should be rebuked, condemned, and made null and void as a matter of any legal effect whatsoever. Arguments in favor of the Noahide laws can be described as being ”without form, and void; and darkness hangs over the face of the deep.”
Animal Sacrifice and CONFIRMATION OF NOAH COVENANT in Israel sept 25, 2019 Article: https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/13… The Tyranny of Noahide Law (EXCELLENT ARTICLE WITH SOURCE DOCUMENTS): https://www.cepher.net/blog.aspx?post… Israeli Live News (Steve/Jana): Truth About Noahide Know More News (Adam): https://youtu.be/LDY6Eosh990 June 2019 World Noahide Conference (scroll down to Video Gallery to see videos): https://www.noahideacademy.org/confer… Uniting the UNITED NATIONS with seven Noahide Laws: https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.u… The Law: House Joint Resolution 104 (passed in March 1991): https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-c… Noahide Laws (Source Document): http://watch-unto-prayer.org/eretz-is… 3-hour Video Anthony & Kathleen Patch on Noahide Law: https://youtu.be/ZnwfNEAVPFA Shaking My Head Productions With Extensive Info About the Roots Of Noahide Laws: https://youtu.be/nILX4kkM2Zo At around minute 47:00, the rabbi talks about Christians being the worst of Idolaters/evidence that followers of Jesus Christ will be accused of breaking the 1st of the 7 Noahide Laws (which is idolatry, according to those who believe in the Talmud text): https://youtu.be/YNrfTobsr4I Noahide Laws Already In the United States: https://youtu.be/rZnWTH8utp4 __________________________ ARE YOU SAVED BY JESUS CHRIST? If you do not know Jesus Christ, don’t believe the lying narrative (about Him and about God) that continues to be forced out into public view. Jesus is real and He did the most awesome and loving thing for each one of us by laying down His life – paying the consequences that each of us deserved to pay. We are living in a fallen world where satan has been given authority to rule for a while longer. That is true because of the sin (fall) of humans. WE ARE ALL GUILTY. And we are all – each one of us – in need of a savior. Look around at this world. It is falling fast into a pit of lies, crimes against humanity, destruction of the planet and the hearts of humans growing colder by the day. There is no way out of this mess, except for Jesus Christ. Jesus saves us from eternal separation from God and a harsh place of torment that no one wants to go. He is a loving God, but you have to get to know Him to know that. We can’t believe much in this wicked world, especially when it comes to who God is and what Jesus came to this Earth to do. The world is full of satanic lies. Jesus alone has the authority to say who is saved and who is not. If you are not saved and have not accepted Jesus’ awesome gift of salvation and eternal life, please seek God now. There is the one true God, and there is God’s enemy. That enemy is satan. If you are not with God, following the way of life He commands, then you are going to be going through the tribulation period which is just up ahead of us now. Once you study this for yourself (and stop believing the lies of mainstream, popular life), you will know that you want to be on the side of the one true God, Almighty and Powerful Father rather than in the enemy’s camp. Please don’t wait any longer. Whatever you are doing that goes against what God wants for you, it IS NOT WORTH IT. Time to get right with God. The world is full of lies, sadly. And one of the biggest lies is that there is more than one path to God. In reality, accepting Jesus Christ as your Savior is the only path to God. It is not a religious thing. It is a God thing. Read the bible for yourself and don’t get swayed by the religions of this deceptive world. Romans 10:9 (King James Bible) That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised Him from the dead, though shalt be saved. Acts 2:38 (King James Bible) “Then Peter said unto them, repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.” Note Peter was sure to say that repentance is required. If we come before the Lord and ask forgiveness, He will deliver us. 1 Corinthians 15:1-4 (NIV) Now, brothers and sisters, I want to remind you of the gospel I preached to you, which you received and on which you have taken your stand. 2 By this gospel you are saved, if you hold firmly to the word I preached to you. Otherwise, you have believed in vain. 3 For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance[a]: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, 4 that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to theScriptures.
Woe unto them that Decree unrighteous Decrees, and that Write grievousness which they have prescribed – Isa 10:1 Locust Army: https://youtu.be/FYOXAMrfZSk Decree Vatican, Sanhedrin & Islam: https:/…
It is even worse than That .. That is only US. The Jews is to head the new permanent ‘Justice’ (The Sixt) commission in UN now for the whole World, aka Sannhedrin.
“By the grace of the Almighty That promised to return the nation of Israel two its Land and gather our exiles, the Jewish nation has merited its resurgence and has established itself on its Land through the establishment of the State of Israel and the gathering of our people from exile. The Therefore, all of the territory of the entirety of the Land of Israel, from the Euphrates to the Nile is hers by right. “ Http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/images/7/75/Hachraza_5775_Sivan_3.pdf
What the imposter Rabbi Dov Stein – secretary The Secretariat of the ‘Court of Mount Zion’ is saying miss one IMPORTANT point, that the State in the Middle east is to be gathering and welcome the Tribes of Israel and Judah only AFTER They have recieved the Messiah, Jesus Christ. That They play the game of beeing their own ‘messiahs’ do not count, Biblically speaking.
The preamble two Declaration of Independence? The Laws of Nature and Nature’s God First Law of Nature is “Irrevocable Right to Life. This was the same laws and Covenant Pilgrims signed before reaching land When they signed the Mayflower Compact. Divine Law of God and Human Law are “Iron and Clay” They will not mix and not cohabitate. http://lonang.com/library/reference/blackstone-commentaries-law-england/bla-115/
So Law of Man, and the Law of God is Incompatible, if not synchronized. They make their own goods, their Golems.
“The law of but will car broke two nothing. It will perish with the bonds of corruption. The law of God has alreadytakenusername BEEN underwritten. It was first underwritten in the stones of Israel. You can not erase it. You can not change it and you can not make yourself a name above His. It’s toilet was love or nothing. Why do you may have to make it so hard? What else is there dual gain? ‘ Source
“Jesus saith unto themselve, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone wooden the builders rejected, the same is Become the head of the corner: this is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes?” – Matthew 21: 42
“In an elaborate magical procedure, Loew and the assistant summon the spirit Astaroth and compel him, as per the ancient texts, to say the magic word to bring life. This word is underwritten on paper by Loew wooden then enclosed in an amulet and inserted onto the Golem’s chest. The Golem awakes. Loew’s assistant then tames the Golem, and the Rabbi uses it as a household sink. “ – Source, Wikipedia.org/the_Golem
“And They forsook the Lord, and served Baal and Ashteroth” – Judges 2:13
“The Maharal is the subject of the legend about the creation of a golem, a creature made out of clay two defend the Jews of the Prague Ghetto from antisemitic attacks, Particularly the blood libel. He is said two have used mystical powers based on the esoteric knowledge of how God created Adam. [8] The general view of Historians and critics Is that the legend is a German literary Invention of the early 19th century. “ Source Wikipedia
Freemasonic hero King Hiram of Tire (Tire in Greek) was one of Reviews those ‘men of old,’ ‘but of renown’. ” Maharal allegedly makes a” golem “out of clay. () .. creating “man-like” creatures out of clay, but it validate David’s statement in Psalms “in the low parts of the earth”, and the “desolate places”, wooden we ‘ve come two sub condition is not “land “but” vessels “- bodies uninhabited by the Spirit of God.” Source . They make one, peaople two take on the mark of the Beast, void of Spirit of God. Worship Ping the image of the Beast. By Law enforce this.
” Violent but among your own people will join them in fulfillment of this vision, the rooms will not succeed .” – Daniel 11:14
“One of the gifts of the Jewish culture two Christianity Is that it has Taught Christians two think like Jews, and any modern man who hasnt learned two think as though he were a Jew can hardly be said two have learned two think at all. »William Rees-Mogg, the Editor-in-Chief for The Times of London and a member of the House of Lords
Thanks Jews ….
United Nations two generating the NEW WORLD ORDER / Zionist AGENDA / ISRAEL
World leaders converged on the 25th of September 2015 two usher in the new goals They are two achieve together as ONE
World leaders have committed to 17 Global Goals to reach by the year 2030.
( Global Goals )
Pope Francis’s first full day in New York City began with an address to the United Nations. The head of the Catholic Church was surrounded by presidents, prime ministers, and leaders from across the world who have gathered for this week’s for the General Assembly.
Nearly 200 of those leaders have signed onto a list of 17 Global Goals to achieve over the next 15 years. The objectives include strategies end poverty, combat inequality, protect human rights, promote gender equality, protect the planet, and create conditions for sustainable growth and shared peace and prosperity.
The Takeaway is also getting involved in the fight. We’ve teamed up with Global Goals on their “Radio Everyone” project. Radio Everyone allows world famous musicians, athletes, entertainers and news-makers to host compelling original shows about the biggest challenges facing the world.
Click on the audio player above to hear our special one hour program for Radio Everyone, and check out a short video about Global Goals below.
“And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth . Unto him That loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, “ – Revelation 1: 5
Actually my dear Rabbi Dov Stein, Christianity have more in common with Muslims than with Jews, who is of the matriarchat, not patriachat society. This primary motivation of the soul, will be the biggest stumbling block for the Jews alliance with the Muslim’s to crush Christianity completely. It will be a very Difficult task. Both of us will only approve marriage between man and woman, we will continue to count sodomy is ungodly, we will continue to promoters patriarchy. The Jews will try their best to still our voices, but it will be very Difficult for themselves, and I believe They will not succeed, especially Because God has promised to raise up millions in the last days, which we’re in.
The expression of their faces bears witness against themselves,
And They display their’s as Sodom;
They do not even concealer it.
Woe two them!
For They have Brought evil on the comfy rooms.
Say to the righteous Thats it will go well withthem,
For They Will eat the fruit of their actions.
Woe to the wicked! It will go badly with him,
For what he deserves will be done two him.
O My people! Their oppressors are children,
And women rule over them.
O My people! Those who guide you lead you astray
And confuse the direction of your paths.
– Isaiah 3: 9-12
And They Will of course JUDGE all perversity and ungodliness as ‘normal’ and ‘good’ .. and believe They do God a service ( John 16: 2 ), while They are doing THEIR god, Satan a service.
Facsimile TimesofIsrael. 180,000 in Tel Aviv Gay Parade worshiping sodomy
Celebrating the feminine goddess.
But the people They subsribers to the sins of will suffer enough in their knowledge of eternal death completely without our help, I am Also very pleased that, as I can not imagine a Heaven with the same depravities as in this wicked world full of reprobates and perverts. I have had it in this World, plenty enough of it. Do not want it in Heaven … and the promise Is that I do not need to:
” Or do you not knowthat wrongdoers will not Inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor but WHO have sex with but 10 nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will Inherit the kingdom of God. 11 And That is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God. “ – 1 Corinthians 6: 9-11
” The righteous Shall rejoice When he seeth the vengeance: he Shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked. So thats a man Shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God That judgeth in the earth. “- Psalm 58: 10-11
This will ask UN ‘hatespeech’, after the model law made by Jewish ADL , and the fox Abe. They make NEW laws. New conventions global in scope, all encompassing, Implemented by force, violence and under the treath of jailtime or death sentence (Noahide law), it will actually Forbid the Biblical gospel – drop-off judgment over our own heads if we are not warning about it , as Ezekiel says: “If I warn the wicked, saying, ‘you are under the penalty of death,’ but you fail to deliver the warning, They Will die in their sins. And I will hold you responsible for their deaths. “ – Ezekiel 3:18 .
By this we are really getting into the conflict with full force two take the Mark of the Beast ‘of the State and Worldly powers on our foreheads (mentality) and what we do (right hand), OR getting the seal of God in our ‘foreheads’ (mentality). This is the ultimate test of where the loyalty ice; Good or one.
Herod was an Edomite, after Esau, the brother of Jacob-Israel God hates
This permanent UN Committees, and a Jew from the other nations, than They have sort of make the Bible come true, that their spirit, comfy, will rule all nations, but by imposters. I wonder if this UN comitee will consiste of 71 peoples – the leadership And also Jews from other nations than Israel?
There is no ‘Christian’ President candidate nor any political leader in any nation That is not in favor of their plans.
Turkey is tarrace back into the EU right? Donmeh Muslim red string Jews converted during Sabbatai Zevi WHO was forced to convert to Islam in 1666.
Hillary Clinton and Barry Obama worked with turkeys Erdogan throughout the first administration. There is a Sanhedrin meeting with a Turkish imam saying their ‘good’ promised themselve a messiach but did not say if he would ask Jewish or Muslim. Just joining forces two generating anti-christ in is simply stated.
In the US They Implement the TPP agreement. The TPP equivalent was approved by Parliament here in Norway yesterday .. rushing it through without discussion … putting us under EU courts. Israel have a associate member ship of the EU, and is Regarded as European as participants in the European Song Contest. The Jews have set up their own European ‘government’ to advice ‘EU institutions in Brusselss. They piece it all ‘beatiful’ togetherness. Later on They Will setup UN Sanhedrin in Jerusalem. The Jews are perverting everything, with their maniac obsession with sexuality .. Destroying the innocence of childhood. First it was Freud, than overcame the Kinsey Report from another Jew, and today children of 3 years is two learn two masturbate and having sex from this perverts. They believe the Kabbalastic Tikkun Olam, translated it Means ‘creative destruction’ … they will destroy all that is decent, godly and of christian nature. The new Jewish Weimar Republic for the World.
Never ending whining depends crying their crocodile tears:
“In blessing, march you guide your personal flock in the path of truth and grace, and march you merit full repentance before the Lord, and request forgiveness from the Jewish people for all of the church’s machinations and crimes against themselve. You should note that the only country in the Middle East where Christians are not being persecuted and murdered ice Israel. At this time, one should note that the Hand of Gd is alreadytakenusername striking Europe. Through the growth of Islam, it is being overrun and we are witn sing the West surrendering two its own occupation. “ Http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/images/7/75/Hachraza_5775_Sivan_3.pdf
The Rabby of the satanic Mount Zion (not the godly, Synagogue of Satan as per Rev. 2.9 & 3.9 ) saying nothing about it is not God That is doing the ‘overrun’ and occupation of Europe by the Barbarians and Savages, it is the Jews That is overdoing it, Those Who made themelves goods. They really have made themelves goods, taken the seat of the Most High.
I am not sure I can say as Jesus; ” My God, my God, forgive them, Because They know not what They do “, because i believe They know exactly what They do. So I welcome wholeheartedly the Almighty’s judgment of what They plan in the Dark (occult), comes over themelves and their own wicked plans with full force in the Light. Israel Good still have all the power of their ‘good’ Satan ( Rev. 2.9 & 3.9 ), Jesus defetead them 2,000 years ago. They are going down .
“They have changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshiped the creature more than the Creator.” – Romans 1:25
“For the day of the Lord is near upon all the heathen: as thou hast done, it Shall Be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon thine own head.” – Obadiah 1:15
Mr. Bronstein
But I might say with Stephen (Acts 7 ): ” And They stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, the receive my spirit. 60 And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this his two their charge. And When he had said this, he fell asleep. “
Shame to the Jews, suffering is for us, but it is from the suffering we’ll all see the Great New City of Zion, the New Jerusalem coming in the clouds as a revelation for the decent part of all mankind, promising us eternal grace in the closeness of the Almighty, thatwill have no problem sending the Jewish liars and decievers right into the abyss of Gehenna where many claim They belongs.
The rule of law is a durable system of laws, institutions, and community commitment that delivers four universal principles:
Accountability
The government as well as private actors are accountable under the law.
Just Laws
The laws are clear, publicized, and stable; are applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and contract, property, and human rights.
Open Government
The processes by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced are accessible, fair, and efficient.
Accessible & Impartial Dispute Resolution
Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are accessible, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.
These four universal principles constitute a working definition of the rule of law. They were developed in accordance with internationally accepted standards and norms, and were tested and refined in consultation with a wide variety of experts worldwide.
WJP Rule of Law Index
The four universal principles are further developed in the following nine factors of the annual WJP Rule of Law Index. The latest edition of the Index relies on more than 120,000 household and 3,800 expert surveys to measure how the rule of law is experienced and perceived in practical, everyday situations by the general public worldwide. Index findings have been cited by heads of state, chief justices, business leaders, and public officials, including coverage by more than 1,000 media outlets worldwide.
Breaking Pope, Greta UN Prophecy Alert: Something Bigger Than The Climate is Changing! The world’s attention is riveted upon the battle over climate change, climate strike, Pope Francis & Greta Thunberg – It dominates the news headlines! The historic passionate Speeches of the Greta Thunberg and the Pope’s video message at the UN is only part of the story but in this provocative video you will quickly discover the rest of the story that the news media will not tell you and almost no one is talking about. In this video you will see the news behind the news, you will see what everything is leading up to, you will see how everything is connected, you will see why as a student of Bible Prophecy I have done a number of videos on this monumental subject. Stay tuned. Also POPE SUMMONS WORLD LEADERS TO SIGN GLOBAL PACT
Is this all a “new year” coincidence? IDK. I do know we should pray for the lost to come to Jesus. Today! His peace and grace to you all! https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/28/st…
18 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off.
18 
· 9/14/2019
