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Swiss banks are known for their banking secrecy and security. Pictured: the Mont Cervin Palace in Zermatt. A hub of tourism, many private banks service the city and maintain underground bunkers and storage facilities for gold at the foothills of the Swiss Alps.

Banking in Switzerland began in the early 18th century through Switzerland‘s merchant trade and has, over the centuries, grown into a complex, regulated, and international industry. Along with the Swiss Alps, Swiss chocolate, watchmaking and mountaineering, banking is seen as emblematic of Switzerland. Switzerland has a long, kindred history of banking secrecy and client confidentiality reaching back to the early 1700s. Started as a way to protect wealthy European banking interests, Swiss banking secrecy was codified in 1934 with the passage of the landmark federal law, the Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks.

Controversial protection of foreign accounts and assets during World War II sparked a series of proposed financial regulations seeking to temper bank secrecy to little success. Switzerland, considered the “grandfather of bank secrecy”, has been one of the largest offshore financial centers and tax havens in the world since the mid-20th century. Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country, Swiss social and political forces have minimized and reverted much of proposed roll backs. Although disclosing criminal activities by banks, who do not enjoy a good reputation even in Switzerland, is generally well seen by the Swiss public, disclosing client information has been considered a criminal offence since the early 1900s. Employees working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks “have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests“.^[1] Since 1934, banking secrecy laws have been violated by four people: Christoph Meili (1997), Bradley Birkenfeld (2007), Rudolf Elmer (2011), and Hervé Falciani (2014).

The Swiss Bankers Association (SBA) estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US$6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets. Switzerland’s main lingual hubs, Geneva (for French), Lugano (for Italian), and Zürich (for German) service the different geographical markets. It consistently ranks in the top three states on the Financial Secrecy Index and was named first many times, most recently in 2018. The three largest banks–UBS, Credit Suisse, Julius Bär–are all regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA), and the Swiss National Bank (NSB) which derives its authority from a series of federal statutes. Banking in Switzerland has historically played, and still continues to play, a dominant role in the Swiss economyand society. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), total banking assets amount to 467% of total gross domestic product.^[2] Banking in Switzerland has been portrayed, to varying degrees of accuracy, in overall popular culture, books, movies, and television shows.

History

Further information: Banking in Switzerland § Banking secrecy

During the 18th century, Swiss mercenaries brought home funds from their contracts that helped Swiss banks begin.^[3] Banking began in the eighteenth century by way of the riches of merchants. Wegelin & Co., established in 1741, was the oldest bank in Switzerland^[4] until it restructured into a new legal entity in 2013.^[5] Hy Hentsch & Co. bank^[6] and Lombard Odier, were both founded in 1796 in Geneva as private banks, and The Pictet Group^[7] was established in 1805 as a merchant bank.^[8] Hentsch & Cie was a founding member of the Swiss National bank during 1852.^[9]

Connection to illegal activities

Swiss banks have served as safe havens for the wealth of dictators, despots, mobsters, arms dealers, corrupt officials, and tax cheats of all kinds.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

In 2018, London-based Tax Justice Network ranks Switzerland’s banking sector as the “most corrupt” in the world due to a large offshore banking industry and very strict secrecy laws. The ranking attempts to measure how much assistance the country’s legal systems provide to money laundering, and to protecting corruptly obtained wealth.^[14]^[15]

Banking secrecy

History

Swiss banking secrecy was born in Geneva during the 1700s.

Bank secrecy in the Swiss region can be traced^[2] to the Great Council of Geneva which outlawed the disclosure of information about the European upper class in 1713.^[2] As a way of avoiding the Protestant banking system, Catholic French Kings deposited their holdings in Geneva accounts.^[2] During the 1780s, Swiss bank accounts began insuring deposits which contributed to their reputation for financial security.^[2] In 1815, the Congress of Vienna formally established Switzerland’s international neutrality which led to a large capital influx.^[2]The wealthy, landlocked Switzerland saw banking secrecy as a way to build an empire similar to that of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom.^[2] Swiss historian Sébastian Guex notes in The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts:

This is what the Swiss bourgeoisie are thinking: ‘That’s our future. We will play on the contradictions between the European powers and, protected by the shield of our neutrality, our arm will be industry and finance.’^[22]

After a small scale civil war in the 1840s between the Swiss cantons, the Swiss Federation was founded in 1848.^[2] The formation of the state, through a direct democracy, contributed to the political stability needed for banking secrecy.^[2] The mountainous terrain of Switzerland provided a natural environment to excavate underground vaults for storage of gold and diamonds.^[2] During the 1910s, Swiss bankers traveled to France to advertise its banking secrecy during World War I.^[2] The war’s contribution to political and economic instability, sparked a rapid capital movement into Switzerland.^[2] As European countries began to increase taxes to finance the war, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation.^[2] The French banked in Geneva, the Italians in Lugano, and the Germans in Zurich.^[2] While disclosing client information was a civil offence in Switzerland for centuries, the Swiss Federal Assembly made it a federal criminal offence in 1934 with the passage of the landmark legislation, the Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks.^[2] Colloquially known as the Banking Law of 1934 or the Swiss Banking Law of 1934, it codified banking secrecy.^[23] The Federal Assembly enacted the law to quell controversy over the alleged tax evasion of wealthy French businessmen, military generals, and Catholic bishops.^[24] An additional provision, Article 47(b), was drafted before its ratification to protect Jewish assets from the Nazi party.^[23]^[25]

Switzerland’s mountainous terrain helps to store gold in underground bunkers.

Along with protecting German Jewish assets, Swiss banks collaborated with Nazi Germany and their allies by storing their gold and cash balances in underground vaults.^[23] Adolf Hitler maintained an account at the Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) estimated at 1.1 billion Reichsmarks.^[23]^[26] After the United States formally asked the bank to transfer the money in the 1990s, UBS wired US$400 to 700 million worth of Reichsmarks to U.S. authorities.^[23] Banking regulations in Switzerland limit the amount of orphaned assets allowed to leave a bank’s custody.^[23] UBS, with consent from the Swiss government, froze the account containing Hitler’s assets indefinitely, and clipped the Reichsmarks, stripping the currency of value.^[26] During World War II, UBS also maintained accounts for hundreds of German Jewish businesspeople and households.^[25] After the Banking Law of 1934 was passed, the bank aggressively protected assets of the “enemies of Nazi Germany“.^[25] When Hitler announced an (aborted) invasion of Switzerland in 1940,^{[dubious– discuss]} UBS contracted the Swiss Armed Forces to blockade their retail banks and transport Jewish assets to underground military bunkers.^[27] The Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) and Credit Suisse, did likewise but along with UBS, they were later fined hundreds of millions of dollars in reparations for their dealings with Nazi Germany.^[23] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, numerous international proposals for bank secrecy rollbacks were made by foreign states with little success.^[23]

International pressure to roll back banking secrecy is seen as an attack on Swiss culture and values. The Swiss parliament expressed an interest in adopting banking secrecy into their constitution in 2017.

After the 2008 financial crisis, Switzerland signed the European Union Savings Directive (EUSD) which obliges Swiss banks to report to 43 European countries non-identifying annual tax statistics.^[28] On December 3, 2008, the Federal Assembly increased the prison sentence for violations of banking secrecy from a maximum of six months to five years.^[29] In late 2008, after an international, multi-state investigation into Switzerland’s role in U.S. tax evasion, UBS entered into a limited, deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) with the U.S. Department of Justice.^[30] The agreement initiated the landmark Birkenfeld Disclosure of information on more than 4,000 clients.^[30]

If there is anything the Swiss take more seriously than the precision of their watches or the quality of their chocolate, it’s the secrecy of their banks. — Steve Kroft, host of Banking: A Crack In the Swiss Vault^[31]

In another step toward loosening banking secrecy, Switzerland signed the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), after rejecting it twice in parliament.^[30] The FATCA requires Swiss banks to disclose non-identifying U.S. client information annually to the Internal Revenue Service.^[30] The agreement does not guarantee the semi-automatic information transfers, which remain at the discretion of Swiss government authorities.^[32] If a client does not consent to having their information shared with the IRS, Swiss law prohibits the disclosure.^[32] If a client does consent, Swiss banks send the IRS tax-related information about the account holder but are prohibited from disclosing identities pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934.^[32] The 2018 Financial Secrecy Index stated: “this [does] not mean that Swiss banking secrecy was finished, as some excitable news reports suggest… the breach was a partial [dent]”.^[33]

In March 2015, the Swiss government entered into bilateral “Rubik Agreements” with Germany, Austria, and the United Kingdom allowing foreign holders of Swiss bank accounts to retain their anonymity in exchange for paying predetermined back taxes.^[34] Switzerland adopted the International Convention on the Automatic Exchange of Banking Information (AEOI) in 2017, agreeing to automatically release limited financial information to certain countries for the sole purpose of tax auditing.^[35] This agreement includes the Common Reporting Standard(CRS) which obliges Swiss banks to automatically send foreign tax authorities the client’s name, address, domicile, tax number, date of birth, account number, account balance at years end, and the gross investment income.^[36] The CRS does not, however, override the Swiss Banking Law of 1934, so the client’s expenses (withdrawals) and investments are not disclosed.^[33] Thus tax authorities cannot “go fishing” for tax evaders, they must directly link a financial crime to the client’s account.^[33] The disclosed information can only be used for tax auditing and Swiss authorities may prevent disclosure.^[37]

In December 2017, the Swiss parliament launched a standing initiative and expressed an interest in formally embedding banking secrecy within the Swiss Constitution making it a federally-protected constitutional right.^[38]^[39] In January, 2018, a U.S. district court ruled that Swiss bankers “[have] nothing to do with the choice that an American taxpayer makes to not declare offshore assets”, later clarifying they should not be seen as facilitating tax evasion but rather provide a legal service that is made illegal by the client.^[40] The Swiss Justice Ministry announced in March 2018 that disclosure of client information in a pending court case involving a Swiss bank is subject to federal espionage and extortioncharges in addition to charges relating to banking secrecy laws.^[41]

Modern secrecy

Banking secrecy] is comparable to medical confidentiality … [Switzerland] must absolutely respect the private sphere … [no one should] know what there is in your bank account. — Ueli Maurer, former President of Switzerland in 2013^[42]

Main article: Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions

Switzerland, considered the “grandfather of bank secrecy”, has been one of the largest offshore financial centersand tax havens in the world since the mid-20th century.^[43] Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country, Swiss political forces have minimized and reverted much of the proposed roll backs.^[43] Disclosing client information has been considered a serious social and criminal offense since the early 1900s.^[43] Whistleblowers, despite legal protections, often face professional set backs in Switzerland.^[43]^[44] Swiss bankers who maintain offices exclusively in Switzerland are shielded from a foreign state’s lawsuits, extradition requests, and criminal charges, as long as they remain within the country’s legal jurisdiction.^[40] In spite of minor adjustments to bank secrecy, bankers working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks “have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests”.^[1] Switzerland’s main lingual hubs, Geneva (for French), Lugano(for Italian), and Zürich (for German) service the different geographical markets.^[43] It consistently ranks in the top three states on the Financial Secrecy Index and was named first many times, most recently in 2018.^[43] The Swiss Bankers Association estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US$6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets.^[43]

Secrecy laws have been violated by four people since 1934: Christoph Meili (1997), Bradley Birkenfeld (2007), Rudolf Elmer (2011), and Hervé Falciani (2014).^[1] In all four cases, the whistleblowers were served with federal arrest warrants, fined, and sustained professional setbacks in Switzerland.^[45]

Bank vaults and bunkers

A handful of larger Swiss banks operate undisclosed or otherwise secretive bank vaults, storage facilities or underground bunkers for gold bars, diamonds, or other valuable physical assets.^[27]^[46] Most of these underground bunkers are located near or at the foothills of the mountainous regions of the Swiss Alps.^[47] These facilities are not subject to the same banking regulations as banks in Switzerland and do not have to report holdings to regulatory agencies.^[47]^[48] The Swiss defense department estimates that of the ten former military bunkers available for sale, six of them were sold to Swiss banks to house assets during the 1980s and 1990s.^[27]^[49] Storage in these underground bunkers and bank vaults is typically reserved for clients that pass a multi-stage security clearance.^[47] Some of these bunkers are not accessible by road or foot and require aircraft transportation.^[27]

Numbered bank accounts

Main article: Numbered bank account

Many banks in Switzerland offer clients numbered bank accounts, accounts where the identity of the holder is replaced with a multi-digit number known only to the client and select private bankers.^[50]^[51] Although these accounts do add another layer of banking secrecy, they are not completely anonymous as the name of the client is still recorded by the bank and subject to limited, warranted disclosure.^[50] Some Swiss banks supplement the number with a code name such as “Cardinal“,^[40]“Octopussy“^[52] or “Cello“^[52] that identifies the client, alternatively.^[53] However, to open this type of account in Switzerland, clients must pass a multi-stage clearance procedure and prove to the bank the lawful origins of their assets.^[54]

Tax evasion

See also: Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

Citizens of Switzerland retain the country’s strictest, most expansive, and unalienable banking secrecy protections as it pertains to taxation.

Further information: Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions

Many sovereign states do not legally require private bankers to confirm whether or not a client has or has not paid their taxes, in any capacity.^[55] On top of this, Switzerland’s banking secrecy laws prohibit the disclosure of client information under a variety of federal, cantonal, and civil policies.^[43] Many foreign nationals open Swiss bank accounts to take advantage of these laws and tax distinctions.^[56]While citizens of Switzerland retain the full force of banking secrecy protections, foreign clients are afforded some of the most stringent bank–client confidentiality protections in the world.^[56] In exchange for banking services, the Swiss government charges “a low, lump-sum option on the money they bank”, after which Swiss tax authorities consider client tax burdens “settled”.^[57] After the Banking Law of 1934was passed, Swiss bankers traveled across Europe to advertise its banking secrecy during World War II.^[2] As European countries began to increase taxes to finance the war, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation.^[2]

According to the 2018 Financial Secrecy Index, Switzerland’s banking secrecy laws have rendered it a premier tax haven since the 1900s.^[30] One of the most prominent attractions to the disclosure protection laws is the distinction between tax evasion (non-reporting of income) and tax fraud (active deception).^[58] Akin to the distinction between legal tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion in the U.S., the non-reporting of income is only a civil offense in Switzerland while tax fraud is a financial crime.^[58] When foreign clients deposit holdings into a Swiss bank account, the bank is legally prohibited from disclosing balances or client information to tax authorities.^[58] This prohibition can only be waved if the client has produced a written statement of consent or a financial crime has been directly linked to the bank account.^[58] More often than not,^[2] clients don’t consent to foreign tax authorities which leaves only the latter circumstance available.^[56] Many client services available in Switzerland (e.g. numbered bank accounts) are used to shield client data from tax authorities.^[56]

Breaches of banking secrecy laws in Switzerland are automatically processed pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934: those who disclose client information are subject to a maximum of five years imprisonment and 250,000 francs (€215,000 or US$250,000)^{[citation needed]} in fines.^[56] Whistleblowers and leakers of client information often face hostility from the public and sustain professional set backs.^[44]^[43] Denounced as a criminal in Switzerland, a federal arrest warrant has been in place for Bradley Birkenfeld since 2008, after he disclosed UBS client information to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 2007.^[59] After the 2008 financial crisis, the Swiss Parliament initiated a series of international tax treaties that rolled back banking secrecy protections for foreign clients in response to pressure from the European Union, United States, and United Kingdom.^[2]Despite implementing nearly 50 information transfer agreements and numerous limitations to banking secrecy protections for foreign clients, Switzerland has been ranked among the top three tax havens in the world every single year since the financial crisis, most recently in 2018.^[43] The majority of the overseas wealth in Switzerland originates in Germany, France and Saudi Arabia.^[60]

According to the Financial Secrecy Index report, Switzerland will exchange information with rich countries if they have to, but will continue to hide the assets of citizens of poorer countries such as Russia and India.^[61]

In popular culture

Banking in Switzerland, in particular Swiss banking secrecy practices, has been detailed in global popular culture to varying degrees of accuracy. According to official statements from the Swiss National Film Archives, inaccurate or exaggerated portrayals negatively impact Switzerland by reducing bankers to unflattering “caricatures” that are “ever disposed to accept funds from questionable sources”.^[77] In 2014, Sindy Schmiegel, a spokeswoman for the Swiss Bankers Association (SBA) stressed that financial regulation in Switzerland is dramatically more strict than portrayed fictionally.^[77] The Economic Times noted that popular culture portrays Swiss bank accounts as “completely anonymous” later adding “this is simply not true.”^[78]

Swiss banking was prominently featured in the following films and television shows:

The Great Spy Chase (1964): Francis Lagneau (Lino Ventura) engages with a Swiss banker to open a bank account containing patents to powerful weapons.^[79] This film is considered the first motion picture to reference banking in Switzerland.^[79]

If you can’t trust a Swiss banker, then what’s the world come to? –— James Bond in The World Is Not Enough^[80]

Swiss banking has been mentioned by James Bond in film and in literature dozens of times, it plays a central role in:

Goldfinger (1964): James Bond (Sean Connery) thwarts Goldfinger’s plans to rob a U.S. gold depositoryfrequently citing Swiss underground gold bunkers and bank accounts numbers as motivation.^[79] This film was written after Switzerland’s role in World War II was at the forefront of international critique on bank secrecy.^[79]

On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1969): supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Telly Savalas) tells James Bond (George Lazenby) that unless a large sum of money is deposited into a Swiss bank account, a bomb will detonate and kill thousands of people.^[81] Mentions of Swiss banking in the James Bond novels have been viewed as “reinforcing a stereotype”.^[77]

The World Is Not Enough (1999): James Bond (Pierce Brosnan) visits a Swiss bank in Spain called La Banque Suisse de L’Industrie to meet an associate before jumping out of a five-story window.^[82]^[79]

Casino Royale (2006): After a high stakes poker game is completed, the winnings of James Bond (Daniel Craig) is transferred to a Swiss bank in Basel account for security.^[79]

The Godfather Part III (1990): Frederick Keinszig (Helmut Berger), a Swiss banker for the Vatican, gets into a shootout with the Corleone family over technicalities over bank–client confidentiality.^[83] The movie was seen as establishing the “Swiss banker trope” within mainstream culture.^[83]

The Bourne Identity (2002): Jason Bourne (Matt Damon), a secret operative for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) suffering from retrograde amnesia, begins to recall life events after opening a bank deposit box containing a gun, large amounts of international currency and a variety of passports.^[84] The scene was seen as unduly “[emphasizing] the issue of [bank] secrecy“.^[77]

Like most Swiss banks, our safe-deposit boxes are attached to a number, not a name. You have a key and a personal number known only to you.— Dan Brown in The Da Vinci Code^[85]

The Da Vinci Code (2006): Robert Langdon (Tom Hanks) opens a Swiss bank account at the Paris-based “Depository Bank of Zürich”, a high-tech bank that allows clients to deposit and withdraw assets with complete anonymity.^[86] The usage of this type of numbered bank account is illegal both in France and Switzerland.^[51]

The Wolf of Wall Street (2013): Jordon Belfort (Leonardo DiCaprio) travels to the Geneva-based Union Bancaire Privée (UBP) to meet with private banker Jean Jacques Saurel (Jean Dujardin) who advises Belfort to open an account in the name of a relative with a European passport to avoid U.S. taxation.^[77] This is technically legal in Switzerland as Belfort was not charged with a financial crime (at the time of meeting) and extra banking secrecy is afforded to European citizens.^[87] Belfort’s bank–client confidentiality was waived because Saurel traveled outside of Switzerland and was arrested on U.S. soil for a crime (money laundering) illegal in both countries.^[51] The fictional interaction was called “a bit ridiculous and exaggerated” and “not very Swiss” by the Swiss Bankers Association.^[77]

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The Pharoah Show; Alien Predators in Human Appearance – Swiss Secret Symbols in Switzerland

July 14, 2017 Lisa Phillips Back Story

“THE PHARAOH SHOW” – a film in English about the enemy within and their secret symbols, so they can better identify themselves among each other and other codes of recognition. They rule the world; we are their slaves. Their base: Switzerland. The Crusades: the last stronghold of the Templars Accon fell on may 18th 1291, only 2 and a half months later Switzerland was founded on august 1st 1291 – the time to get back on horseback in those days. So the Templar`s treasure was hidden in Switzerland, with which the swiss banks were founded and all wars were being financed by ever since – and out of the templars came the freemasons. The Pharaohs are still there and are ruling the world through secret societies – “and the Pharaoh and his army disappeared in the sea” . . . the sea of peoples that is, through mixing they are amongst us on all key positions, and Switzerland is their biggest base; the home of the Templars. This is why their flag shows a simplified Templar`s flag in exactly the same colours. They did it.

Video (mirrored) published on February 19, 2012 courtesy of chatzefratz

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Great St Bernard Pass
French: Col du Grand St-Bernard Italian: Colle del Gran San Bernardo German: Grosser Sankt Bernhard
View of the pass and hospice from Great St Bernard Lake
Elevation	2,469 m (8,100 ft)^[1]
Traversed by	Road
Location	Valais, Switzerland Aosta, Italy
Range	Pennine Alps
Coordinates	45°52′08″N 7°10′14″ECoordinates: 45°52′08″N 7°10′14″E
Topo map	Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Location in Switzerland

Overview
Italian side of the tunnel
Location	Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses, Aosta Valley Bourg-Saint-Pierre, Valais
Coordinates	45.8645°N 7.17266°ECoordinates: 45.8645°N 7.17266°E
Status	Open
Route	E27 H21
Operation
Work begun	1958
Opened	1964
Toll	Class A1^{[nb 1]}: €16,40/CHF 18.30 27,90 € (A2)^{[nb 2]} 43,40 € (B1)^{[nb 3]} 75,50 € (B2,B3)^{[nb 4]} 110,00 € (3A,3B)^{[nb 5]}167,00 € (4)^{[nb 6]}
Technical
Length	5,798 m (6,341 yd)
Highest elevation	1918
Lowest elevation	1875


Clairvaux Abbey Clairvaux Abbey’s central building, which is now a prison, in Clairvaux, France.Prosopee	Clairvaux Abbey Overview of France’s Clairvaux Abbey, with a discussion of the Cistercian order.Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz

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Cultural (9)

Natural (3)

History

Connection to illegal activities

History

Modern secrecy

Bank vaults and bunkers

Numbered bank accounts

Tax evasion

In popular culture

Historical Echoes: The Symbolism of the Bull and the Bear

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Blanche Merz

River toll

In mythology

Extortion

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